地震電磁気観測衛星群 Vulkan

Recent seven-point earthquake in Turkmenia again forced specialists to think about the effective prognostication of this natural calamity. It is calculated, that the yearly damage from the earthquakes in the world comprises more than 20 billion dollars. But the largest misfortune - tens of thousands of those been killed. Only in 1998 in three large earthquakes in Turkey, Greece, in Taiwan and in Mexico perished more than 16 thousand people.

The problem of the prognostication of earthquakes is the focus of the attention of Russian scientists. Since 1990 by St. Petersburg federal state unitary enterprise “KB “arsenal” [im]. OF [M].[V]. of Frunze” together with the institute of terrestrial magnetism, ionosphere and radiowave propagation RAN [Russian Academy of Science] (g. Of [troitsk] Moscow reg.) are conducted works in this region. They developed the space warning system of earthquakes in two days, which determines epicentre and exemplary time of calamity. This makes it possible to in time prevent population about the future misfortune, to evacuate people from the assumed region of destruction, to disconnect industrial objects, to stop nuclear reactors and so forth.

The basis of warning system composes micro-satellite "Predvestnik-E" and complex of scientific gear "Vulkan". Its space segment is the two-level group of small automatic spacecraft (KA) with the heights of circular orbits of 500 and 1.000 km, standardized platforms created on the base. Each satellite bears magnetometers, frequency instruments, spectrometers of energy particles, analyzers of the plasma, which in the upper air and the ionosphere determine the changes, proceeding in the earth's crust, they measure the wave characteristics of the magnetosphere of the Earth. They are intersected by sensors and are transferred to the earth.

As reported the deputy design project leader KB Vladimir Sapozhnikov, scientific research on the project "Vulkan" are already completed. The design of base satellite is developed and its full-scale mock-up is built. The stage of experimental design works began. The design of elements KA occurs. It will be modular and multipurpose. In Russia already there is an experience of the use of satellites for the prediction of seismic catastrophes. Thus, during the earthquakes in Iran in the 80's after several days scientists obtained information about the threatening calamity.

Work along the system "Vulkan" is conducted with the support and to order Russian aerospace agency. It declared competition to the project of the creation of satellite group. In it six organizations of Russia participate. On January 15 it is planned to bring its sums. Conqueror will obtain 290 million rubles. However, specialists evaluate the cost of project into 200 million dollars. Project provides for removal from 8 to 20 satellites, but it is possible to manage with 6-8.

The search of partners and sponsors in parallel goes. Are made proposals to Japanese, Chilean, Iranian and German specialists. It is remarkable, that "Vulkan" does not have foreign analogs. True, works in this direction conduct French scientists. They intend to neglect this satellite not earlier than 2002. In Russia this project can be realized already in the present year.

　IAA-B4-1108P　Small Satellite Platform "Vulkan"
　IAA-B4-1109P　Scientific Instrumentation for the Small Satellite Platform "Vulkan"
　IAA-B4-1110P　Small Satellite "KOMPAS-2"

こーゆーネタもありなのね・・・(^^;

IZMIRAN is developing the Vulkan satellite systems as part of Russia's 2001-05 federal space program. The five satellites required for the new system will be launched on a platform designed by the Institute of Electromechanics near Moscow and the Makeyev State Rocket Center design bureau located in the Chelyabinsk region. The first satellites will be assembled in the first half of next year, but Orayevsky was not willing to say how much the project will cost or estimate the launch cost.

The Vulkan satellites will be much lighter than current satellites, mainly because the instruments used on them have been shrunk to miniature size. For example, Orayevsky said, the main instrument used to measure the electron density of the ionosphere, the electron canon, now weighs only 20 kilograms. "Together with the Paton [electric welding] institute [of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences] in Kiev, we have developed an electron canon that weighs 2 kilograms," he said. Researchers achieved these results by changing the way electron density is measured, not by refining existing technologies. "Before it was measured by reflecting radio waves off points in the ionosphere, now we measure wave-resonance characteristics," he said. According to Orayevsky, changing the principal measurements has allowed researchers to shrink many instruments they use down to size.

As a result, IZMIRAN has been able to develop satellites that weigh less than 100 kilograms. Together with its platform, a Vulkan satellite - orbiting at heights of 400 kilometers to 1,100 kilometers at an angle of 82.5 degrees - weighs in at 202 kilograms.
"You don't need an entire Proton or Soyuz rocket to put something like that into space," Orayevsky said.

宇宙飛行ミッションについての最新報告（第18回世界宇宙飛行士会議） このセッションの座長のロシアの宇宙飛行士セルゲイ・アウデエフさんも、自然災害防止について発表し、地上で起こっている地震、洪水などの自然災害、人為的な災害を観測・警報する「ブルカン（火山の意味）」という名前の地球観測システムを紹介しました。またサリュート、ミールの時代からISSにいたる現在も継続されている「ウラガン（大嵐の意味）」プロジェクトについて説明し、日本を含めて地震予知に関心ある国々もユーザとして参加してほしいと伝えました。 参考：XVIII Congress of the Association of Space Explorers (ASE) 地震の電離層における前兆現象 Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes Pulinets, Sergey., University of Mexico, Codigo, Mexico; Boyarchuk, Kirill., IZMIRAN, Moscow, Russia 　最近、話題になっている地震活動と電離層における現象との関係について解説されている。マグニチュードの大きな地震発生前の数日・数時間の地震活動地域で観測された地球周辺のプラズマの変異について説明されている。 　地震と電離層との相互作用が地球規模の電気回路現象として説明され、地震活動地域に現れる異常電界現象が地球から電離層への情報の伝播として示されている。地震活動の物理的なメカニズムが、さまざまな実験データに基づいて論じられており、近い将来に発生するであろう地震予知などへの応用の基礎的な成果として期待されている。 　地震活動の発生と電離層との関係について解説した有用な研究文献として、地震学分野の研究者や専門家の方々におすすめする。

Pulinets, S. A.; Boyarchuk, K. A.

'It becomes the Marmara earthquake in 10 years' (Milliyet, 2005.2.2) Japanese scientists at Tokai University professor Seiya Uyeda, "in practice between 2020 and 2010 will make it possible to predict earthquakes. 2010, so it will be solved in theory," he said. At Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute "Space and Satellite Technology Using Monitoring Purposes of the Earthquake Early Warning System Workshop" he began.

'We say Marmara earthquake five days ago' (Milliyet, 2005.2.3) The Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Sergey Pulinets, the cost of the satellite system is $ 150 million, earthquakes 1 - 5 days said they predicted, "If desired, the system can be set up in Turkey," he said. "Space and Satellite Technology Using Monitoring Purposes of the Earthquake Early Warning System Workshop" in participating Russian scientists, earthquake location, time, claimed they knew greatness. Pulinets system is explained:

Space-borne Observations for Short-term Earthquake Predictions (IEEE) A two-day workshop in Istanbul, Turkey (Bodo W. Reinisch)

MOSCOW, May 17 (RIA Novosti) - Russia has no weather satellites in orbit. The Meteor-M spacecraft is to fill up this substantial gap in the satellite group in 2006, says a report by the Russian Space Agency (Roskosmos).

"The completion of the construction, tests and the launch of the Meteor-M weather satellite and a smaller craft Canopus-Vulkan (for detecting man-caused catastrophes and first signs of earthquakes and avalanches) are scheduled for 2006," Roskosmos said.

According to the draft of a new federal space program, allocations to remote Earth sensing will be almost 4 billion rubles in 2006 ($1=27.99 rubles), the document said.

Russian Remote Sensing System
Dr. Alexander Viktorov, Deputy Head, Space Automatic Compleces Department RFSA, Russia
* DS-1かよ

Alekseev V.A., Dokukin V.S., Dmitriev G.A., Kuznetsov V.D., Ruzhin Y.Y.

Space-borne system for online precursors monitoring of earthquakes, and other natural and man-made disasters
Mr. Y. Ruzhin, Head of the Laboratory of Active Space Experiments Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN), Russian Academy of Sciences

For a set of statistics and the further working off-board equipment and is scheduled to launch the satellite "Compass-2". Will bring it into orbit launch vehicle "Shtil". In the fourth quarter of 2006 to test the new tools for monitoring satellite is scheduled to launch next - "Compass-3".

It should also be noted that testing of tools and techniques that will be more stakeholders involved, Wana on spacecraft geospatial system "Vulcan" for forecasting and Monitoringing natural and man-made disasters has long been carried out on board the Intertional Space Station as part of the program "Uragan". ISS, because of the low orbit, proved to be very handy tool for such studies in the ionosphere.

S.A. Pulinets: Space technologies for short-term earthquake warning

The first satellite, KANOPUS-B, will be ready for launch in 2008. It will monitor the Earth's surface and will support the monitoring of disasters, agricultural planning and the management of water and coastal resources. Under the contract SSTL will supply FSUE NPP VNIIEM with the platform avionics equipment and software, and support their spacecraft assembly and integration activities in Russia.

According to initial plans for "Volcano" space system development, researchers expected to finish everything in 2005-2006. Insufficient and sporadic funding was the reason they didn't finish the "Volcano" as scheduled - honestly speaking, finding enough money for research has always been a problem for Russian scientists.

July 15 2014 Kirill Aleksandrovich Boyarchuk died at the fifty-fifth year of life - General Director of JSC "NIIEM", Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.

Многоспутниковая система "Вулкан" (IZMIRAN)｜露英翻訳

Канопус - Вулкан｜VULKAN Space System (NTs OMZ)

Project Vulkan – monitoring of the Earth seismic activity for earthquake and volcano eruption control. Launch date - 2006 (NEWS FROM MOSCOW, ESA, 2003)

Kanopus-Vulkan (RESTEC)

Kanopus-Vulkan (CEOS)