1999/6/29(火)10:50~11:35 第21回宇宙ステーション利用計画ワークショップSource: ロシアの宇宙ステーション利用計画について(NASDA国際宇宙環境利用研究データベース)
Dr. Vladimir F. Utkin, Director of TSNIIMASH, RSA (Russia Space Agency)
Only from space can we predict earthquakes in the most precise way <講演要旨>非常に複雑な作業であるISSの建設が始まっている。皆さんと一緒に21世紀に宇宙での建設に一歩を踏み出し、ISSに世界の研究者が集まって、地上の人々に役立てる時期にきた。ISS計画が始まったときは多くの批判、反対があった。しかし、サービスモジュールを打ち上げるに至った。いよいよ研究が始まって、ISSに人が住み始める。
新しいアプローチの宇宙の研究が必要になってきている。ロシアは宇宙研究の資金が足りないようにいわれている様に思うが、資金不足は国内改革のせいではない。他国でも同じではないかと思うが、資金が出ないのは地上での研究要求に応えていないからではないかと思われる。
例えばISSに世界の研究者がきていろいろな研究が、15年間されることになる。地上の要望にこたえるという観点では、その間に地震の予知ができるかもしれない。日、米、ロ、中の地上での地震研究でまだ予知はできていないが、15年間の共同研究のチャンスを活かせるに違いない。
宇宙環境利用は2つに分けられる。一つは産業関連利用で、今一つは科学研究利用である。産業関連利用ではそれによって生じた、地球環境問題、環境自然の保護等に対し、科学研究では、地震、オゾン層、その他地球上の現象に対し、政府資金が出るべきである。
サービスモジュールはバイコヌールで準備中であり、11月打ち上げである予定である。ロシアにはミール運用の経験がある。多くの教訓がある。
長期(15年)のISS利用計画については予稿集にある通りである。短期(5年)の計画については、年6回プログレスが輸送する。人はソユーズによる。宇宙飛行士は荷降しと調整、組み立てで負担は大きい。
サービスモジュールでは研究が始まっている。例えば,次のような研究が行われる。
- 太陽をその1周期にわたり連続観測する。
- 地震の研究。これまで衛星を使った研究はない
- 電離層の研究
- オゾン層の修復の研究もやりたい
- 環境中の電磁波の研究
- 小型衛星をISSから打ち出すことの研究。μG環境をISSと別に作る。ここで材料実験をやる。大気中のプラズマ研究も正確にできる
- 医学生物研究もやりたい。生理学、医学、放射能安全性、生物研究等。また、生理学では適応メカニズムを研究する。心血管の研究、循環器の研究、生化学データの取得等。やることのプログラムは明確であり、各国の専門家でも検討されている。軌道上放射線環境での研究も必要である。生物関係もプログラムされており、バイオテクノロジー研究はミールでも既にやっている。
- 技術分野も重要である。宇宙デブリをどう規制できるか、どう回収するのかといった研究がある。また、素材の耐久性研究や、ステーション内の空気の研究、オペレータの作業性向上もやる。
OHPにはどういう装置が何時上がるかが書いてある。
- プラットフォーム上で組み立てる機器や小型衛星係留システムが有用である。純粋なサブサテライトで、電気物理的係留システムに関心がある。
- 低温万能サイトも必要である
- 宇宙天文学、大気天文学も意味がある
- 宇宙エンジンの研究も重要
- 船外空間の気体汚染にも関心がある
<質疑応答>
(質問)SURC 山中)
地震の予知について、ポリャコフの本に、銀色の雲を見たというのがある。ベテランの宇宙飛行士しか見分けられないらしい。人工衛星のセンサーとどこが違うのか?
(回答)
一般に地震の予知に慎重過ぎると思う。間違った予報を出すと首が飛んだりする。これからは15年という時間があるから、宇宙と地上の連携ですすめるべきである。すなわち、地上の前兆現象と宇宙の前兆現象を組み合わせる体制を作るべきである。宇宙飛行士が何人も見ることが重要である。こういう地上に貢献する研究をやらずに、ただ火星の研究をやろうといっても誰も賛成しない。日本という自然に注意の払われている国に来ることができてうれしい。皆さんの活躍を期待しています。
講演予定時間をオーバーして講演は終了し、質疑応答に入った。質問に立ったのは、NASDA宇宙環境利用研究委員会の山中龍夫副委員長で、本誌の理事を務めていただいている博士である。偶然にも、本誌の理事同志の質疑応答が実現したわけである。Source: 「火星探査より地震予知を」アエロスペースクーリエ Vol. 3 p98-102
「ロシアの宇宙飛行士が、地震の雲と考えられる銀色の雲を見たと、本に書いていましたが、宇宙飛行士には見えたが、観測装置では観測できていないのはどういうことでしょうか。」と、質問した。これに対するウトキン博士の答えはこうだった。
地震予知というと、科学者は腰を引いてしまう。それは、予知が外れた場合のことを考えるからである。博士は、地震予知を行い、それが外れた科学者の悲劇を語った。しかし、それからどれだけの月日が経過し、新たな多くの発見と技術開発があったかも述べた。
ISSは、15年間の運用期間があるのだから、地上のこれまでの研究成果と統合させた地震予知の研究をやるべきだ。「地震予知の研究をしないで、火星探査はないはずだ」。
山中博士の問に、直接は答えていないが、科学者の考え方を述べることで答えにしたようである。予定の時間を10分ほどオーバーした熱演は、会場を大いに盛り上げた。
ロシア宇宙科学アカデミー総裁であるウラジミール・ウトキン博士の来日はこれで2回目となる。前回の来日は1996年のことで、今回同様ワークショップに招待されたものである。
主催者側の人選によるものだが、博士が、有人軌道ステーションでの科学、および応用調査計画と実験を担当する調査技術調整協議会の委員長の要職にあることを考えると最適な人選である。
ワークショップの最終日の夜、博士の宿泊するホテルを訪ね、直接インタビューしてみた。
Q. 博士は、初日の講演で「火星より、地震予知を」と、話しておられましたが?あっという間に2時間半が経過した。お元気とはいえ、76歳のご高齢である。ロシア一国だけではなく、世界のために長寿を願うばかりです。火星よりも、地震予知をという言葉が、胸に重くのしかかっている。
A. 世界各地では、震災によって実に多くの人命を失っています。そのことを考えれば、地震予知を実現することは科学者の責任です。私は「市民は相当にガマン強い」と、考えています。しかし、科学者や研究者に要求しなくてはなりません。「早急に、地震予知を実現しろ」と。
私は、ロシア宇宙科学アカデミーの総裁を務めていますが、その会議で、「15年から20年以内に、地震予知を実現する」ことを決議する予定でいます。地震の研究は、さまざまな角度から実施され、科学者たちの活動や意見もまちまちですが、すべての関係者が討論し、地震予知を実現できるようにすべきです。そして、最も大切なことは実現に向けた体制作りをすることです。
その体制は、失敗を許すというか、失敗を恐れる必要のない体制でなければなりません。恐れていては何も得ることができません。
そして、指導者の認識も大切なことです。例えば、地震予知というと避難のための集団移動が問題として取り上げられてます。しかし、私は移動は必要ないと思います。これまでの震災の被害状況を見ればわかることですが、建物や構造物、車や鉄道の中に被害が集中しています。ですから、屋外の安全な所への避難で、被害は極小化されるはずです。
Q. 本誌の創刊号では、「地震予知はできる」というタイトルで、ロシアの地震予知システムを特集で紹介しました。
A. これは、本誌の創刊号のインタビューで、15年前に打ち上げられたコスモスシリーズのオケアン衛星の話をしました。
この衛星は、北極海や東シベリア海の氷に閉じ込められた船団を移動できる水路へ誘導するためのものです。氷上の各ポイントに観測装置を設置し、氷の厚さや、氷の年齢、成分などを観測し、パラメータを衛星に送り、データを解析して船が移動できる水路へ誘導するシステムです。そのとき、27隻の船が氷に閉じ込められていましたが、26隻が無事脱出することができました。
同じことが地震予知についてもいえます。ISSのロシア区分を利用したり、地震前兆現象の電磁波を観測するマイクロサテライトを軌道上に配置したいと考えています。そして、地上の地震に関する化学的変化の研究データと統合して予知を行うわけです。
Q. マイクロサテライトを配置するというのは、ロシア独自の考え方なのでしょうか。
A. 宇宙ステーション「ミール」が、一軒家だとすれば、ISSはいわばマンションです。マンションは、多くの家族の集合体です。
軌道上の微小重力環境は、地上では実現できない環境下での実験、研究に価値があるわけです。ISSでは、一方で実験中、一方では、体力維持のためのランニング中ということもあり得ることです。宇宙空間では、わずかな振動や人の動きが、実験や研究に影響を与えることになりますが、そのあたりの調整作業は難しいところです。
ですから、微小重力環境を別につくる必要があると考えています。それが、マイクロサテライトで、多目的な利用が可能となります。
ロシアでは衛星を利用した地震前兆現象のモニタリングをしていますが、その衛星にしても地震予知専用のものではありません。私はISS建設の中で、地震予知専用のマイクロサテライトを配置したいと考えています。
Q. ISSの運用では、まだ多くの問題が残されているようですが。
A. 人類が、これまで経験したことのない実験的な試みがISSです。国家間には、言語、文化、法律などの違いがありますが、それらの違いを乗り越え、協力・協調というテーマで、15ヵ国が取り組んでいます。ロシアには、42年間の宇宙開発の歴史と有人宇宙ステーションでは15年の運用実績があります。
それらの経験からいえることは、宇宙ステーションの利用目的は、大きく2つに分けられると考えています。ひとつは、地球規模の社会的な貢献で、もうひとつは商業目的ですが、結果的には、どちらとも地球環境や人間にプラスにならなければなりません。
26. Sovolev G. A., 地球電磁気的観測による実用的地震予知の展望, ー論文集「地震の予報」, ソ連科学院地球物理学研究所, 1973, 172-185頁1979 年,ソ連によるアフガニスタン侵攻という事件があり,モスクワオリンピックがボイコットされるという事件があった事をご記憶されている方も多い事と思います.当時アフガニスタンに進行したソビエト軍はNATO軍の攻撃に備え,全天を防空レーダーで監視していました.そうこうしているうちに全てのレーダーに突然妨害電波が観測され出したのです.当然の事ながらソビエト軍はNATO軍の攻撃があるものと思い,あやうく核戦争一歩手前まで行ったとの事でした.そして約2日間続いた妨害電波は,隣国のイランで発生したM7.0 の地震とともに消失したのです.この事実は1990 年代に入り,ペレストロイカのもとでようやく西側研究者にもたらされました.Source: 地震直前予測への新しい試みと静岡住民から見た東海地震観(長尾年恭)
Still far from everything is clear in the processes taking place in the ionosphere in the middle latitudes, as well as in the equatorial regions. Only now the mechanisms of the impact of terrestrial and terrestrial processes (earthquakes, meteorological processes and others) on the ionosphere are beginning to be clarified. It will take a lot of effort to create a more or less complete picture of those phenomena that occur in the upper ionosphere and their connection with processes in the Earth's magnetosphere and near-Earth space.
Experimental data on the relationship between high-energy charged particle fluxes in the radiation belt and the seismicity of the Earth are analyzed on the basis of interaction between these particles and ULF emissions of seismic orgin in the upper ionosphere. It is shown that this interaction may lead to particle precipitations from the radiation belt, which are observed experimentally as abrupt increases in particle counting rates. A spatial correlation between the regions of particle precipitations in near-Earth space and earthquake epicenters is found, which makes possible the prediction of the latitude of an incipient earthquake.
GF-18 "Seismikan"
Goal: Investigate and develop a new method of short-term forecast of earthquakes
Equipment: Apparatus "Maria 2" (77KST), "Rowan-2" (17KS and 77KSD). "Bouquet" (77KST)
平成9年3月3日から5日の3日間本学(東四号館)において上記の国際ワークショップを開催した。近年、電磁波を用いた地震予知の可能性が指摘され、日本では地震フロンティア計画が平成8年度より科学技術庁が中心となって開始された。菅平宇宙電波観測所所員でもある電子工学科早川教授がNASDA(宇宙開発事業団)の招聰研究員として、NASDAの地震リモートセンシングフロンティア計画のリーダーであることから、上記の国際ワークショップが当大学で開催された。外国人約50人、日本人70人前後が参加し、盛会であった。3日間で口答発表60編とポスター60編が報告された。本ワークショップではNASDAの主催であることから、大気中や電離層中での現象に主眼が置かれた。いろいろな興味深い観測事実やその理論モデリングが報告され、非常に活発な討論が繰り広げられ、大成功であった。ワークショップでは各国の研究者間での国際協力の話や、将来の衛星ミッションに関する討論も行われた。低および中緯度における高エネルギー粒子の降下の増加と初期地震との関係* プログラム | 第1回地震電磁気国際ワークショップ前刷集 | International Workshop on Seismo Electromagnetics (NASDA, 1997)
地球プラズマ圏におよぼす地震活動度の影響
電離層地震先行現象の出現領域の磁気共役
Space scientist Vladimir Utkin agrees. "Space can and must serve humanity," he told CNN.
"Only from space can we monitor the state of the ozone layer surrounding Earth. Only space can be used as a dump for 10-percent of all the most poisonous and radioactive wastes and materials accumulated on Earth. Only from space can we predict earthquakes in the most precise way," he said.
Galper said his idea of a space-based earthquake prediction center has not gone anywhere in part because Russia has no money for such projects. Building and launching three satellites could easily eat up much of Russia's paltry budget for its space program.
But findings such as Galper's conceivably could help boost support in the United States for the huge investment required to launch and operate space stations.
Galper's team is designing a more sophisticated magnetic spectrometer that he hopes will be placed aboard the 15-nation International Space Station that will be launched in segments beginning this year.
Warningミッション:現状と開発 (IWSE 1997)
Yu. Galperin and M. Hayakawa
In addition, knowledge of the characteristics of the ionosphere is necessary for a successful and high-quality radio. Ionospheric disturbances and tracked for biomedical forecasts. For example, revealed an increase in the number of heart attacks by 13% during severe ionospheric storms. But in recent years, scientists have concluded that the monitoring of "space weather" makes it possible to predict an earthquake.
ロシアは、地球の電磁気観測と研究の分野で世界をリードしている。 ロシアは、人工衛星から観測した電磁気の長期間にわたるデータベースを持っている唯一の国であり、 1988年のスピタック(アルメニア)におけるM7地震の際に世界ではじめて地震前兆(3〜4日) 電磁気異常現象を観測した記録を持つなど、その研究レベルは、日本の専門家から高く評価されている。 また、地磁気計に関しても、高精度でかつ安価なものがロシアでつくられているという。Source: ロシアのユニーク技術(宇宙・地球編)(科学技術庁)
このようなロシアの電磁気観測のポテンシャルを活用して、これを地震予知等 に応用しようとの研究(フィジビリティ・スタディ)が、ISTC#417として、日本の拠出 (1年間で50千ドル)のもとで、1997年初頭から開始される。 この研究には、Inst. of Terrestrial Magnetism lonosphere & Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN、モスクワ地域のTroitsk、科学アカデミー傘下)、Inst. of Earth Physics (IEP、モスクワ)、Inst. of Space Research(IKI、モスクワ、科学アカデミー傘下)等 この分野でロシアを代表する研究所が参加する。 教科書にもなっている " Geo-electro Magnetic Waves " を書いた理論派Pokhotelov博士 (IEP)やスピタック地震前兆現象を発見したMolchanov博士(IZMIRAN出身)も本プロジェクトに参加する。 この他、IEPのGokhberg博士から、ISTC#720として、 " Investigation of strain-induced electromagnetic signals preceeding earthquakes " と題するプロジェクトも、目下提案中。
The problem of earthquake prediction is the focus of Russian scientists. Since 1990, the St. Petersburg Federal State Unitary Enterprise "KB Arsenal", "MV Frunze" together with the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (Troitsk, Moscow reg.) work is underway in this area. They developed a cosmic earthquake warning system for two days, determining the epicenter and approximate time of the disaster.
The Russian space program and aerospace industry suffered a major loss Tuesday, February 15 with the death of one of the country's chief rocket designers, Vladimir Utkin. He died of natural causes after a lengthy illness.
He repeatedly made brilliant statements on major scientific and technical problems at Russian and International forums. He demonstrated the fundamental possibility of a short-term forecast of an earthquake using space devices on the basis of observation of anomalous electromagnetic and plasma effects manifesting themselves in the near-earth space on the eve of a strong earthquake and being its short-term precursor.
Even some offbeat experiments proved productive: the Mariya spectrometer found a means to predict earthquakes by detecting electrostatic disturbances associated with imminent movements in the Earth's tectonic plates.
Source: Russia in space: the failed frontier?, Springer, 2001
IAGA/IASPEI/IAVCEI Working Group on Electromagnetic Studies of Earthquakes and Volcanoes |
Russian Program: The Problems of Satellite Monitoring of Earthquake Precursors and Russian Satellite Constellation “Vulkan”
V. N. Oraevsky, K. A. Boyarchuk, S. A. Pulinets
地球観測:地球のイオン層で雷や地震活動に伴って発生する発光現象の調査
In 2001, a special committee of experts established Russian Aerospace Agency, conducted a comparative study of all the possible methods for predicting earthquakes with satellites and determine the most promising. Among them - the satellite radio sounding of the ionosphere, and the most promising device called Ionozond. (Once again, we were named the most promising device and method, but not the only ones. Issue is so complex that only a comprehensive study of all aspects of the formation of the earthquake promises hope for its accurate prediction.)
Team leaders: F. Lefeuvre (LPCE, France) and O. Molchanov (UIPE, Russia)
Team members: M. Hayakawa (UEC, Japan), M. Balikhin, (Sheffield. Univ., UK), P.F. Biagi (Univ. of Bari, Italy), O. Pokhotelov (IPE, RAS, Russia) and E. Mareev (IAP, Russia)
Accomplishment of these experiments has provided a new level of ionosphere and magnetosphere studies as well as solving of applied problems. In particular, magnetosphere and ionosphere perturbations caused by Earth's natural processes (Earth's crust motions and earthquakes, typhoons, etc.) were recorded to determine relations and to develop forecasting and recording technique for earthquake prediction a few hours before its occurrence. These activities should be continued.
The experimental data on high-energy charged particle fluxes, obtained in various near-Earth space experiments (MIR orbital station, METEOR-3, GAMMA and SAMPEX satellites) were processed and analyzed with the goal to search for particle bursts. Particle bursts have been selected in every experiment considered. It was shown that the significant part of high-energy charged particle bursts correlates with seismic activity. Moreover, the particle bursts are observed several hours before strong earthquakes; L-shells of particle bursts and corresponding earthquakes are practically the same. Some features of a seismo-magnetosphere connection model, based on the interaction of electromagnetic emission of seismic origin and radiation belt particles, were considered.
At a certain altitude, the EME can be captured in the geomagnetic field tube (Molchanov et al., 1992) and then propagates as Alfven wave along the geomagnetic field lines. Reaching the lower radiation belt boundary, the Alven wave begins to interact with trapped particles, causing particle precipitations as a result of pitch-angle redistribution.
These precipitated particles drift around the Earth along the L-shell, corresponding to the earthquake epicenter location (Galper et al., 1997). This process creates a wave of precipitated particles. Such a wave can make one or more revolutions around the Earth before being damped (Galper et al., 1995; Galper et al., 2000). The instrumentation on board a satellite can observe particle waves as particle bursts, when satellite crosses this disturbed L-shell.
It should be stressed that due to the drift around the Earth, the particle burst of seismic origin can be observed not only over the epicenter but also at any longitude, where satellite crosses the disturbed L-shell.
* 関連:High-energy charged particle flux variations in vicinity of Earth as earthquake precursors (A.M. Galper)
6.セルゲイ・アウデエフ/ビクトル・オラエフスキー(ロシア)
「自然災害及び人為災害を監視するための小型人工衛星群」
オンラインによる短期地震予報用の宇宙システムの主要な目的。最近記録された地震前兆現象の例。地球大気圏-熱圏-電離層の地震モデル。"VULCAN" S/C測定法により記録された電離層プラズマのパラメーター。協力への提案。
ミハエル・ベリアエフ教授 Mikhail Yu. Beliaev* 参考:SCIENCE RESEARCH ON ISS RUSSIAN SEGMENT (Energia)
ロシアの国際宇宙ステーション利用運用関係責任者の一人。54歳。
RSCエネルギア ミッション計画・自動制御・実験研究にかかる部長、フライトダイレクター代理、数学モデリング及び実験管制センター長を兼務。また、ボウマン・モスクワ州立工科大学教授、モスクワ州立フォレスト大学教授。 今回宮崎で行われる国際学会ISTS(宇宙技術及び科学の国際シンポジウム)で講演を行う。彼の最近の研究は主に、地球規模の大災害を宇宙ステーションから観測し、予測すること(地震の予知など)。
近年、人間があまりにも進歩しすぎたためか、地球の持続可能性の問題が指摘されています。今後、長期にわたって地球が存在し、人類のみならず生物が生存するためには、その環境を維持しなくてはなりません。また、地震や台風など、人間が克服できていない自然現象をいち早く予測し、対応できる仕組みを整えることも必要です。その点で、宇宙は人間の安全にかかわる多くのことに貢献できると思っています。
(3)の電磁チャンネルは電磁波による結合で、地震前兆の電磁波(ULF波等)による直接的電離層加熱・電離やULF波が磁気圏へ侵入し内部放射体プロトンと相互作用し、電離圏へ粒子を降下させるなどするものである。
早川研究室
* Recent Progress in Seismo Electromagnetics and Related Phenomena (PCE) | 地震の電離圏への影響 ―新しい研究分野― (ISAS)
One of the programs to which the Resurs-DK1 will contribute is the Pamela experiment, part of the Russian-Italian Mission (RIM) - also supported by Germany, Sweden and the United States - that is looking for traces of early days of the Universe.* 参考:Correlations between earthquakes and anomalous particle bursts from SAMPEX/PET satellite observations (Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics)
Professor Arkady Galper, the Russian co-director of the project, says research will focus on the dark matter.
"We know that dark matter, or hidden mass, accounts for 30% of the Universe. The other 70% is space vacuum energy, directed against gravity, driving the indefinite expansion of the Universe," Galper said. "The primary aims of the RIM Pamela experiment will be to get a toehold inside the mystery world called dark matter, and to measure the masses of its elementary particles, if there are any."
The Earth observation satellite will also carry equipment for the Arina mission, an attempt to get a better insight into electromagnetic field fluctuations, so far a puzzling phenomenon believed to be a credible precursor of an earthquake.
The Russian programme of fundamental space research for 2006 - 2015
A. Alferov (Russian Federation)
Use of State space meteorological constellation for forecasting of man-caused contingencies
K. Boyarchuk and L. Makridenko (Russian Federation)
The international seminar "Application of space methods for studying the problems of human health, potentially dangerous and catastrophic phenomena with the use of the universal micro satellite platforms"
S. Klimov (Russian Federation)
ロシアの科学者たちが宇宙に存在する暗黒物質(ダーク・マター)の謎を解き明かそうと試みています。最近バイコヌール宇宙船発射基地から「レスールスDK1(РесурсДК-1)」という名前の新しい観測用人工衛星が軌道上へと打ち上げられ、宇宙でも最も謎につつまれた存在のひとつである暗黒物質に関するデータの収集を開始しました。
実際のところ、「レスールスDK1」は暗黒物質の観測だけを目的に宇宙へと打ち上げられたわけではありません。「レスールスDK1」はソ連時代の偵察衛星をベースに開発されたもので、7メートルの大きさの機体に様々な最新の観測装置が詰込まれています。例えば、地表を撮影するためのカメラが搭載されており、解像度1メートルという詳細な画像を得ることができます。衛生画像は民間用の地図の作成や環境モニタリング、地震の研究などに活用されます。
この観測用人工衛星についてロシア宇宙物理学研究所のアルカージィ・ガリペル所長は次のように語っています。
「これはとても有益な人工衛星です。ひとつの衛星に、地表を撮影する為の特別な装置と、宇宙空間を研究する為の学術装置、さらに地震の予測という具体的かつ非常に重要な目的をもった実用的な装置が搭載されています。」
* 参考:Expedition 14 Press Kit (ShuttlePresskit)VSPLESK EXPERIMENT (Energia)
Vsplesk (Tsniimash)
PURPOSE: Study of processes binding seismic processes and phenomena in the earth's crust, magnetosphere, ionosphere and Van Allen belt, and physical nature of seismic effects in near-earth space, as well assessment of possible prediction of earthquakes by bursts of high-energy charged particles in near-earth space.
この解析により、L< 2.5 に位置する強力なVLF 発信源であるNWC(21.8 度S,114.2 度E、オーストラリア)、RPS(43.0 度N,135.0 度E、シベリア)、NPM(21.4 度N,158.1 度W、ハワイ)の位置と電子スパイク現象が発生する空間分布とが、よく一致していることを明らかにした。さらに、電離層の電子密度の日変化と電子スパイク現象のLT 依存およびUT 依存性によい相関があることが判った。以上、電子スパイク現象の起源は、L < 2.5 に位置するVLF 発信機からの強力な電波であることを強く示唆するものである。* 関連:Comment on "Comparative study on earthquake and ground based transmitter induced radiation belt electron precipitation at middle latitude", by Sideropoulos et al. (2011) (NHESS)
先月、パリで様々な国の宇宙機関と協定を締結しました。NASAとは月・惑星探査関係の書簡を交換しました。欧州宇宙機関(ESA)とは宇宙用部品に関して協定を締結しました。日本だけのマーケットでは小さいので、ヨーロッパと協力することで、宇宙産業の市場の拡大につながると期待しています。ロシア宇宙庁(FSA)とも宇宙機関間協定を締結しました。
DEMETER spacecraft detects short bursts of lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP) simultaneously with newly-injected upgoing whistlers, and sometimes also with once-reflected (from conjugate hemisphere) whistlers. For the first time causative lightning discharges are definitively geo-located for some LEP bursts aboard a satellite. The LEP bursts occur within <1 s of the causative lightning and consist of 100–300 keV electrons. First in-situ observations of large regions of enhanced background precipitation are presented. The regions are apparently produced and maintained by high rate of lightning within a localized thunderstorm.* DEMETER-IDP | Satellite Observations of Lightning-Induced Electron Precipitation (Stanford VLF Group)
E117-P007 地震前兆現象としての地球放射線帯の電子強度増加
M. Hareyama, N. Masuyama, N. Hasebe, S. Kodaira, K. Sakurai, M. Akiyama, K. Ichiji, K. Hama, Electron burst in the Earth’s radiation belt as earthquake precursors observed by Japanese Satellite, SERVIS-1* 参考:SERVIS (USEF) | 中低高度軌道における宇宙放射線環境 (JAROS)
FE-1 Kononenko set up BKS (Onboard Cable Network) connections in the SM for the new “Vsplesk” experiment. [“Vsplesk”, along with the BTN-M1 “NEUTRON” science equipment, will create a physical model of charged and neutral particles generated during solar bursts and of the neutron albedo of the Earth atmosphere considering solar and geophysical aspects.]* 関連:Russian cosmonauts are prepared for the experiments "Vsplesk" and "Sonokard" (ROSCOSMOS)
地震と電離層の状態の関係は現在、ロシアを始め、様々な国で研究されているが、残念ながら、期待するほどには積極的に行われていない。研究は、特に、軌道ステーション「ミール」で行われたが、悪くはない結果を出したものの1年間だけだった。2001年に、自然災害及び技術災害の予測とモニタリングのための「ブルカン(火山という意味)」システムが開発され2001-2005年の期間で連邦の宇宙計画に組入れられた。このシステムは、低軌道及び高軌道小型宇宙装置の2つのグループから形成されることになっていた。
2001年12月にシステム形成の一環で、実験衛星船「コンパス」が軌道に打上げられた。「コンパス」(COMPASS)は、「総合軌道磁気プラズマ独立小型衛星船」、Complex Orbital Magneto-Plasma Autonomous Small Satelliteの頭文字を取った略語である。衛星船の学術装置は、ロシア、ハンガリー、ギリシャ、ウクライナそしてポーランドの研究所で作られた。打ち上げの目的は地震の前兆を察知することと予知に体系的な正当性を持たせるため軌道装置を実際に宇宙に飛行させることにより評価を下すことだった。残念ながら、衛星船装置の故障でこの興味深い実験は終了することはなかった。
2002-2003年には研究は宇宙装置「メチェオール-3M(発光体の意味)」を使って継続された。結局、世界の地上地震機関で記録された47の地震のうち、衛星データでの予測は44の地震に関して正しいと認められた。統計を集計するために2006年に「コンパス-2」号が打上げられた。作業でトラブルがあったものの、コンパス-2号は価値ある情報を提供した。さらに、「ブルカン」システムの衛星船で作動する装置や方法の仕上げは、「ウラガン(暴風という意味)」計画の一環で国際宇宙ステーションの船内ですでに長期間行われている。国際宇宙ステーションは低軌道のため、このような研究には非常に都合の良い道具になったことを指摘して置く必要がある。
ISS as an Observing Science Platform [pdf]
After moving back to Strela, they moved a foot restraint from its boom to the exterior of Zvezda. They returned to Pirs, got an experiment called Vsplesk and moved with it to the large-diameter section of Zvezda.
There they installed the experiment, which monitors seismic effects using high-energy particle streams in the near-Earth environment. Then they installed cabling.
The cosmonauts have installed instrumentation on the outer surface of the service module Zvezda (star) for the conduct of a new geophysical experiment Vsplesk (eruption) the aim of which is to work out methods for a prompt prediction of earthquakes.
Professor Arkady Galper, science director of the experiment, has told Itar-Tass, "We have devised an instrument that can register the fluxes of medium-energy electrons and protons in the near-Earth space".
The main task of the research is "to register changes of the fluxes that can be connected with geophysical processes evolving down here on Earth -- such as thunderstorm phenomena, seismic processes, etc". The fluxes of charged particles will be recorded by two identical devices -- the Vsplesk and ARINA (the instrument which was installed on the spacecraft Resource-DK1, launched in June 2006 -- note by Itar-Tass) -- but from different points of the near-Earth orbit. This will enhance the reliability of the experiment, during which scientists are to determine the effectiveness of registration of particle eruptions -- the precursors of earthquakes-- to work out a procedure to separate useful information from the eruptions of particles that are of a different physical nature, and learn how to determine, on the strength of the measurement results, the coordinates of the epicenter of a forthcoming Earth jolt. An error in the determination of the location of a future earthquake is supposed to be 100-200 km.
2度目の船外活動が終わりに近づいたころ、ボルコフとコノネンコは地球の地震に関係があるかもしれないと考えられている、荷電した原子核粒子の爆発を記録する実験装置を取り付けた。
That science work will—as you say, there’s a lot of it—will keep you busy; you also mentioned a couple of minutes ago that the current plan for your mission calls for spacewalks, three of them out of the Russian section of the station in the later part of this year, and you are going to be involved as a spacewalker in those. Tell me about who will be involved in the spacewalks and what work it is that you’ll be doing outside.
According to the current plan we will perform three spacewalks. Two EVAs are scheduled for Fyodor Yurchikhin myself and the third one will be performed by Dmitri Kondratyev and me so it looks like I will be participating in all three spacewalks, so again that means additional responsibility but that makes it that much more exciting. On the surface of the Russian segment, specifically outside the Service Module, we will need to remove some of the equipment that is working now and install new units, new hardware, specifically the experimental unit to the laser data exchange with the ground; geophysics hardware—Vsplesk experiment, specifically, that allows us to study the spikes in radiation that are observed immediately before the earthquakes. We will also need to launch a mini-satellite which was developed by our students. So these are the major activities that we have.
During the “Vsplesk” experiment researchers will find out how effective detection of charged particle bursts in near-Earth space environment is. Said bursts are believed to be related to various geophysical processes, taking place on our planet, including seismic events. One of the most important tasks of the experiments is distinguishing earthquake precursors from particles, having other physical nature. Russian scientists built research hardware and installed it on the ISS (“Vsplesk”) and on the “Resurs DK” space vehicle (“Arina”), launched in July 2006. Thus, particle detection is performed from different sites of near-Earth space, which makes received data more reliable and gives accurate view of the processes of interest.
Crew ISS-18, which adopted the orbital watch a month ago, has contributed to the study, the results of which will help scientists develop a rapid method of earthquake prediction. According to ITAR-TASS news agency in the Mission Control Center near Moscow / PCO / "Today Russian Yuri Lonchakov conducted the geophysical experiment" Splash. "Apparatus for carrying out the experiment in mid-July, set on the outer surface of the service module" Zvezda "of his predecessors - Sergei Volkov and Oleg Kononenko, referred to the PCO.
"We have created a device that can record the flow of electrons and protons, the average energy in the near-Earth space", - told korr.ITAR TASS scientific director of the experiment, Professor Arkady Galper. The main task of studies - to record changes in flow, which may be related to the place on Earth geophysical processes - the lightning phenomena, seismic processes ... "
The flow of charged particles will be recorded with two identical devices - "Vsplesk" and "Arina" / mounted on the spacecraft Resurs-DK1, launched in June 2006 - approx. ITAR-TASS, but from different points of Earth orbit, which will increase the reliability of the experiment. "During one of the devices may be a local background, such as extraneous noise, which distorts the data, - explained the scientist. - Comparing the information obtained from both sets, we can provide a more accurate picture and try to develop a methodology for rapid prediction of earthquakes."
During the experiment the scientists to determine the effectiveness of the registration of bursts of particles - of earthquakes, to develop a method for separation of useful information from the outside, that is - from bursts of particles with different physical nature, as well as learn from the results of measurements to determine the coordinates of the epicenter of the upcoming tremors with an error 100-200 km.
Lonchakov and Fincke worked together to install the electromagnetic energy measuring device, called a Langmuir probe, on Pirs. Measurements of electromagnetic energy could be helpful in the investigation of its effects on pyrotechnical separation bolts on Soyuz spacecraft. The bolts are suspects in the investigation of ballistic – steeper than normal -- entries of the Expedition 15 and Expedition 16 Soyuz spacecraft.
Lonchakov and Fincke also installed the Impulse experiment, which measures disturbances in the ionosphere around the station.
A complex analysis of the spatial and temporal distributions of the observed particle bursts and the data on solar events, global geomagnetic-activity indices, geomagnetic pulsations, and geophysical events showed that the particles fluxes could be of solar-magnetospheric, seismic, or thunderstorm origin. According to our estimates, 15-20% of the observed particle bursts are of the seismic origin (earthquake precursor).
There are anomalous phenomena in the ionosphere, atmosphere and the Earth's surface that could potentially be considered as signs of impending earthquakes:* The patent for the invention No. 2349513
- abrupt changes in the concentration of electronic components in the ionosphere, as well as the emergence of large-scale inhomogeneities;
- Ultra-low, very low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic waves;
- abnormal changes in quasi-electric field and magnetic induction vector;
- anomaly in the composition, concentration, flow rates and temperature of the ionospheric plasma;
- intense glow of the atmosphere at frequencies corresponding to vibrational spectra of atomic oxygen and hydroxyl;
- emission of radon and metallic aerosols in the surface atmosphere;
- increase by 3-5 degrees surface temperature of the Earth in the future earthquake;
- abnormal alignment of the clouds above the active faults of the earth's crust before an earthquake;
- rash of high-energy protons and electrons;
- growing tension in the crust, which lead to small displacements, to secure which can be used
Electron and proton fluxes measured by the ARINA spectrometer in the Earth magnetosphere during December 2006 solar events
Vsplesk | Seysmoprognoz Seismoprognoz-SM (launch - 2007): Occultation GLONASS/GPS measurements of TEC | Relaxation [TsUP] | Hydroxyl |
MONITORING OF LOCAL PERTURBATION OF RADIATION BELT From experimental data "ARINA" and "Vsplesk"
The study of local perturbations in the radiation belt of satellite experiments, "Arina" and "Vsplesk" [presentation]
ISS significance in next decade: Russian view Aleksey Krasnov
The achievements of AM Galper in science are numerous and versatile from the physics of elementary particles to the physics of solar flares and the forecast of earthquakes. His style of scientific work is distinguished by a combination of strict scientific calculation, advanced experimental techniques and in-depth analysis of the results obtained, exceptional benevolence towards colleagues in work and commitment. AM Galper is a member of the Academic Light of the NNIU MEPhI, the Space Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the cosmic ray sections, extra-atmospheric astronomy, and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. In 2000 he was elected academician of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. He was awarded the honorary title "Honored Worker of Science".
Next, the spacewalkers will remove a plasma pulse generator on the port side of Zvezda that was part of an experiment to investigate disturbances and changes in the ionosphere from space station impulse plasma flow. The generator failed early on and will be covered, removed and returned inside the station.
The duo also will conduct the next Russian spacewalk, planned for Feb. 16. That spacewalk will focus on installation of two more scientific experiments on the Zvezda module. The first is called Radiometria, and is designed to collect information useful in seismic forecasts and earthquake predictions. The second is Molniya-Gamma, which will look at gamma splashes and optical radiation during terrestrial lightning and thunderstorm conditions using three sensors.
* Microwave Radiometry Experiment (Energia) | СВЧ-радиометрия (Tsniimash)
現在ロシアは、グローバル・モニタリング・システムの国際新案特許の手続きをしている。新案特許の所有者は、フルニチェフ記念研究センターだ。システム作りのアイデアは、昨年秋ワシントンで開かれ、NASAや欧州宇宙機関など世界各国の宇宙機関の代表者を集めた会合でも支持された。
Science and research have still been unable to produce technology that can predict earthquakes with at least 90 per cent accuracy, said Yuri Urlichich, head of the Russian Institute of Space Device Engineering.
"The Invisible Universe" (Director of the Institute of Space Physics MEPhI, Honored Worker of Science, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor A. Galper) April 19, 2011 at 11:00 [Download the presentation]
Russian and foreign experts will study the signs of earthquakes together. On the European part, the participants in the project are Germany, Italy and Turkey; NASA, representing the USA, and Greece are associated members. Russian science is represented by the Russian Space Systems company, the Fedorov Institute of Applied Geophysics and the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Waves Propagation.
As early as 2006, the Russian Space Systems company built a network of ground stations to monitor the ionosphere on the island of Sakhalin. Scientists analyzed changes in this upper layer of the atmosphere caused by seismic activity. Since that time, Russian satellites have more than once registered ionospheric disturbance ahead of earthquakes. Seven hours before the first tremors in Japan, scientists discovered similar anomalies over the site of the forthcoming disaster.
At that time Russian experts did not know what to do with this information. Scientists thought it was premature to predict underground tremors on the basis of monitoring the ionosphere alone. They believed that this was only an indicator of some occurrences in the Earth. A whole system of overall investigation of earthquake signs is needed for well-grounded scientific earthquake forecasts.
For this reason, an International Aerospace Monitoring System is being established within a joint project with the EU. The system is supposed to have a universal character in the future, the director and chief designer of the Russian Space Systems Yuri Urlichich told “The Voice of Russia”.
“The system will warn people of earthquakes as well as other catastrophes, such as meteorite danger, tsunami and any other threats of a natural or anthropogenic character. I can give you one impressive example: from 1900 until today, about 36 million people have died in natural cataclysms.”
It is planned to monitor the ionosphere mostly with the use of nano-satellites which weigh less than 10kg, Yuri Urlichich explained.
“To provide an overall coverage of the whole surface of the Earth, we propose to launch nano-satellites into orbit and to use the existing satellites as well, equipping them with the special-purpose gear. This will give us an opportunity to see a high content of free electrons over this or that surface, which is the sign of a coming earthquake”.
The project of monitoring and analyzing the portents of earthquakes is financed by the EU. Italy functions as the coordinator on the part of united Europe. Some other countries also declared their intention to participate in the project. The final line-up of participants will be determined by the middle of October when all of them get together for a session on Sakhalin.
The strong seismic event in Japan, begun on March 11, 2011 by the earthquake with a magnitude of 9, was accompanied by extraordinarily high aftershock activity with a number of earthquakes (with magnitudes M > 4) to 140 a day. Thus, in this case, the previously used analysis method [8] based on separation of two genetically related events (particle burst and earthquake) and designed for relatively rare events (less than ten a day) cannot be used. Nevertheless, it should be noted that in the region geomagnetically coupled with the seismically active region in Japan, at 03:42:27 UT, a particle burst (at the level of 3.2 standard deviations) was detected, which could probably be a precursor of the rst main earthquake (M = 9) occurred at 05:46:23 UT.
The aim of the invention is a short-term forecasting of time of increased danger of strong crustal earthquakes land as a result of the braking performance sensing satellites in the OCP and detect precursory signals of seismic hazard.
* Способ прогнозирования времени сильных коровых землетрясений суши (Findpatent.ru)
Accumulated from the ISS-17 MKS-27/28 experiment "Vsplesk" statistics measuring the ambient particle fluxes permit a reliable identification in the experimental data bursts and variations of particle fluxes.
Only from August 2008 to September 2011 in the experimental data on the AT "Vsplesk" was allocated 93 particle bursts at 5 standard deviations above (including 10 bursts during MKS-27/28), which practically coincides with the expected accounting estimates are (on average one or two burst per month), which takes into account the time required to find the ISS in areas near space and the lower the probability of specular points to get enough sleep as a result of the interaction of radiation belt particles at satellite altitude.
It was found that, along with bursts of particles observed at different longitudes perturbed L-shells have bursts of particles that are grouped along the lines of faults, that is, directly in the areas of local perturbations of the radiation belt. A correlation analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the registered particle bursts and data from seismic events shown on sufficient statistics, that ~15% of particle bursts can have a seismic nature. They are located at L-shells precede earthquakes and a few hours to earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 4 points.
Revealed 8 bursts of particles - possible candidates for the precursors of earthquakes with magnitude 4 on the Richter scale. One result of this analysis are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Events (21.02.2011), the one located on the L-shell (L = 1.34): a splash of particles (candidate earthquake precursors) and earthquakes with M> 4 that occurred in the interval of 1-5 hours after the burst of particles . Also in this figure marked all the earthquakes in the specified time interval, regardless of L.
Conducting correlated measurements of particle fluxes at two spacecraft (ISS "Resource-DK1") has opened new possibilities in the study of nature bursts of particles to provide reliable results. The two examples shown in Fig. 2 and 3 show the possibility of such combined measurements.
Fig. 2. Simultaneous registration burst of high energy electrons on the same L-shell at the two spacecraft.
In the new issue of the magazine "Ecology and Life" published an interview with the chief editor, AL SAMSONOVA with the director of the Research Institute "Aerocosmos" Academician VG Bondur under the title "Guardian Angel of the cosmos: the prediction of earthquakes and disasters, fire and municipal affairs." The material is devoted to monitoring and forecasting of disasters - one of the most urgent problems of modern environmental science.
The participants of the meeting of the Russian-Japanese experts in earthquake and tsunami in g.Sendai, 27-29 February 2012 (Seismic Weather Project)
現在、ロシアと英国の研究グループが開発している衛星システムTwinSatにより、地震の全ての予兆を観測することが可能となり、より正確な地震予測が可能になると地震学者のヴィターリー・チミレフ氏は語る。
「TwinSatの課題は、地震の前兆となる現象を特定することです。私たちは、地震発生の危険性がある地域の地上観測所ネットの創設を企画しています。衛星観測と地上観測からの情報を総合して、地震発生に関係する全ての現象を包括的に組織化するつもりです。」
衛星システムTwinSatは、地震の前兆の組織的なモニタリング行い、全ての情報を事情観測所に送信する。これはまだ研究プロジェクトに過ぎず、実用化されるのは2018年から2019年からとなる。しかし、日本、フィリピンそして地震帯に属する地域の国々は、すでにTwinSatに興味を示している。
The new spacecraft, developed by the Belarusian and Russian scientists is projected to be able to catch the glow of the atmosphere. And it will help accurately determine the epicenter of the underground hits.
Scientists believe that because of the processes that occur in the crust, gases and ions in the atmosphere are beginning to glow. This glow, and will point to the area and the epicenter of the earthquake. "Space Observer," will be placed in a special complex that dock with the space station. And it will examine only the glow hemisphere, where it will be night. The unit will show an amazing accuracy at a distance of two thousand miles. It must withstand the rocking of the station and make a spectral picture of the atmosphere. Determines the earthquake, with an error in a matter of miles. Space conditions simulated in the laboratory, where the device has successfully passed the test. To work on the orbiting space observer will begin next year.
A small box with a lens weighing 18 kg, which is attached to an artificial Earth satellite. Here is the most famous Ukrainian invention of recent years in the field of space exploration - satellite telescope of electrons and protons, "STEP-F."
It was created by scientists of Kharkiv National University led by PhD Alexei Dudnik. It was launched on the orbit in 2009 on board the Russian research satellite "CORONAS-Photon", which was the single scientific spacecraft in Russia at that times.
Ukraine and Russia have started to explore together the Sun in 1992, and since then the KNU provides Russian satellites for its vehicles. Our device measures the speed and direction of the solar wind and its effect on the Earth's magnetosphere. Such research will allow scientists to understand: what is the reason of the storms on the Sun. Also telescope captures how rapidly the Earth's radiation belts are changing: it may help to predict an earthquake.
Ukrainian unit did not disappoint its developers. But summed batteries of Russian-made satellite. All systems of the spacecraft was turned off in non full year, and no responded anymore though they were designed to run for the period from three to five years. As a result the work of the unit is paralyzed, it is weightlessness of orbital debris, and the next period of the Solar activity, for which it was launched, will be remain unexplored. Although even in quiet times for the Sun was able to collect unique data, which will long be analyzed, scientists around the world, says Alexei Dudnik.
As it turned out, it's simple. Ukrainians are not only able to make good movies, cook, sing and dance. If you want, it may be possible to predict earthquake. Sometimes even a few minutes can save incredible amount of lives.
"When we were developing GLONASS system we noticed that the concentration of free electrons in the ionosphere changes before earthquakes. Seven hours before the disaster in Japan in March last year, we saw a splash over the future epicenter. We suggest launching small satellites that could communicate with each other and measure signal delay in the ionosphere. This would drop away the need for setting up a large number of seismological stations.
* Наноспутники мониторят Землю
The results of the observation of bursts of high-energy charged particle fluxes in the near-Earth space, caused by local disturbances of the radiation belt and particle precipitation from it, in satellite experiments ARINA and VSPLESK are presented. Scintillation spectrometer ARINA (on board the Resurs-DK1 from 2006) and VSPLESK (on board the International Space Station from 2008), developed by MEPhI, are completely identical in physics scheme, physics performances (acceptance, energy range, energy resolution and others). These instruments register and identify electrons (3-30 MeV) and protons (30-100 MeV), measure their energies and give the possibility to study energy spectra and time profiles of particle fluxes. Particle bursts (sharp, short-time increases of particle flux) have been observed in each experiment: about 200 particle bursts in ARINA experiment and ~ 100 bursts in VSPLESK. The duration of particle bursts was in the range from several seconds to several dozens of seconds. Geographical distributions of particle bursts, obtained in these experiments, have been studied in detail. New specialties were revealed in geographical distributions, pointing out that the large part of high-energy particle bursts interrelates with thunderstorm and seismic activities, at that some part of bursts locates in the regions of tectonic faults. Correlation analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of observed particle bursts and the data on the seismic events was executed. The results of this analysis show that ~20% of particle bursts have a seismic origin, at that they appear several hours before the earthquakes with magnitude more than 4 and can be considered as earthquake precursors. Results of observation of high-energy electron precipitation from the radiation belt over the Japan region during the powerful seismic event, started on March 11, 2011, are analyzed.
Seismo-magnetospheric connection and prediction of earthquakes from space
A. GALPER, Mephi, Moscow, RU
The spacewalkers' first task was to install the Obstanovka experiment on the station's Zvezda service module. Obstanovka will study plasma waves and the effect of space weather on Earth's ionosphere.
In addition to their work with the two cameras, the spacewalkers also removed the Vsplesk experiment package and jettisoned it. Vsplesk, installed during an Expedition 17 spacewalk in July 2008, was designed to monitor seismic effects using high-energy particle streams in the near-Earth environment. Kotov and Ryazanskiy replaced it with hardware for a more sophisticated earthquake-monitoring experiment, Seismoprognoz, which they attached to a Zvezda handrail.
Flickr: NASA: 2Explore's Photostream |
after 2:10 |
Apparatus "Vsplesk" in the outer surface of the SM
For realization of the experiment on the outer surface of the service module "Zvezda" is hardware complex "Vsplesk", installation of which was carried out at the external longitudinal rails of RO-2 No. 2526 and No. 2518 SM during EVA No. 20 during the ISS-17.
In this experiment, the equipment operates automatically and crew participation is not provided. Transmission of information to the Earth is carried out once a day.
During the ISS-35 in a continuous automatic mode continued work on the measurement of particle fluxes along the orbit of the ISS (radiation belt particles, galactic cosmic rays, particles of atmospheric albedo) in order to clarify the modeling of stationary (background) particle fluxes and a further set of statistical data to be processed and analysis of experimental results.
Transmitted to Earth 118 Mbytes of information that will be used to examine the relationship of seismic processes and phenomena in the Earth's crust, magnetosphere, ionosphere and the Earth's radiation belts, the study of the physical nature of seismic effects in the near-Earth space, as well as the predictive capabilities of the new earthquake precursor - bursts of high energy charged particles in near-Earth space.
And gone! Vsplesk has been jettisoned to make room for the Seismoprognoz payload that will be installed next. #ISS pic.twitter.com/PCoZWrYtZO
— ISS Updates (@ISS101) 2013, 12月 27
ISS DEB [VSPLESK PLAT]
Progress in seismology made it possible to extend the model of complex connections to predictive effects in the atmosphere and the ionosphere as part of the complex system "lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere." For the most reliable detection and identification of ZMT precursors, regular monitoring from space of extensive seismic areas with control of such parameters of the atmosphere and ionosphere as temperature, relative humidity and thermal radiation of surface air, electron concentration in the F2 layer of the ionosphere; The presence and form of cloud structures in the zone of tectonic faults. To solve these problems, special target equipment is needed - onboard multizonal scanning devices of medium or low resolution of the visible and IR spectral ranges (MSU-CP or -MP), ionosondes and microwave temperature-humidity atmospheric sounders (MTVVA). Such devices are currently being developed. With the help of these devices it is possible to create fields of necessary parameters that will allow to implement the main methods of multiparameter monitoring of earthquake precursors (the method of "chemical potential", "ionospheric response", the "long-wave infrared" method, the "linear cloud structures" method), and then draw conclusions about the time and place of the approaching earthquake.
ロシアは、早期警戒衛星や地震予知を目指した電磁波観測衛星で一部進んでいるものの、観測センサのバリエーションや近代化という意味では停滞している。
To date, for the duration of the measurements recorded in orbit for more than two and a half billion events, received more than 16 terabytes of experimental information.
In our country, we laid the organizational and technical basis MAKSPM there almost all the necessary infrastructure for collecting, receiving, processing, and communicating monitoring information to consumers. For example, in the coming years to create a real specialized orbit and ground infrastructure predict seismic events (Table 1).
衛星画像を利用して個体を特定することが目的であれば、比較的大きな動物しか対象にできない。
しかし、国際宇宙ステーション(ISS)でのICARUS(宇宙からの動物研究のための国際協力)プロジェクトが始動すれば、より小さな動物を追跡できるようになるだろう。
Kursk scientists, together with colleagues from Belarus and Peru will create a nano-satellite, which will orbit a number of experiments, including the ability to forecast earthquakes. This was at the press conference said the head of Research and Education Center for Space Research of the Southwestern State University (SWSU, Kursk) Valerian Picco.
According to him, the new nano-satellite will be the continuation of work on the Russian-Peruvian unit "Chaska-1", which was launched into space on August 18 and is now in orbit. Analog "Chaska 1" will become the main module, which will be joined by two modules of the same size (10 by 10 cm) - Peru and Belarus. Each of the three modules will conduct their experiments.
Peruvian scientists, which is now actively being negotiated, are going to find a way to predict earthquakes in the radio frequency emissions that occur in the Earth's crust and can be fixed by long-wave receiver from outer space. "Peruvians offer to study the low-frequency range of the radio waves. It is associated with earthquakes in South America that often occur," - said Picco.
Scientists SWSU, in turn, conduct an experiment to study the charged particles. This will help to understand the relationship between the phenomena on the Earth's surface and the phenomena in space. The Belarusian State University is also preparing a science project. "On the basis of the university held a competition of student works and suggestions for experiments", - said Picco.
Earlier, Vice Rector SWSU Oleg Atakischev told Itar-Tass that the creation of the new nano-satellite will take about two years. To start it from the ISS will be developed newest system starts (satellite "Chaska-1" was launched into orbit manually cosmonaut Oleg Artemyev).
Another partner of Kursk scientists in the space sector could be Kazakhstan.
* Valerian Pikkiyev: "Small satellite - great prospects" (SWSU)
ロシア非常事態省のウラジーミル・プチコフ大臣は日本に対し、国家危機管理センターの宇宙観測システムによる非常事態の予兆に関する情報を提供するよう求めた。
* Russian Federation: Statement made at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR)
During the meeting Minister Puchkov noted that the Russian Emergencies Ministry prepared decisions for development of disaster monitoring and forecast systems in 2016 using Russian satellite technologies. According tom him, Russian scientific potential will be used in developing those systems.
SPACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 50 YEARS
Galper A.M., Koldashov S.V.
In the first phase (2016 - 2020 years) implemented capacity constellation of spacecraft socio-economic and scientific purposes to the minimum necessary staff mostly spacecraft created in the previous programming period, advancing the establishment of key technologies, components and target devices for space systems, the creation of which planned in accordance with the Programme, the modernization and technical re-equipment in the minimum necessary amount of industrial-technological and experimental bases of the space industry, allowing to create a space rocket and a world-class technology.
In the second phase (2021 - 2025 years) is carried out to maintain the minimum required composition of the constellation of spacecraft, partial re its spacecraft of new generation with the characteristics meet or exceed the characteristics of the best world analogues, advancing the establishment of certain key technologies, components and target devices for the highest priority space systems, the development of which is expected after 2025.
The science hardware of the joint Russian-German ICARUS experiment (International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space) to study wild animal and bird migration is scheduled to be delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2017.
B.M. Shevtsov (Ed.)
September 19, 2016 Director General of the state corporation "Roscosmos" Igor Komarov and Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (EMERCOM of Russia) Vladimir Puchkov signed an agreement on cooperation in space activities.
The agreement deepens the coordination interaction of Roskosmos and the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in receiving, processing and using information received from the national space complexes and systems of remote sensing (RS) and the Global Navigation Satellite System GLONASS, as well as in testing and use of domestic space means and technologies for more the effective implementation of the Russian emergencies Ministry forecasting problems and disaster monitoring.
* EMERCOM of Russia and the Federal Space Agency signed a cooperation agreement in the field of space monitoring of interaction (video)
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute)
Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) Energia (a part of Roscosmos) has plans to involve the leading Russian scientific centers and universities into a project to launch small Cubesat satellites using cargo transportation spacecraft Progress MS.
The project calls for installation of special containers for insertion of small spacecraft into their target orbit on the outer surface of a cargo spacecraft. These might be commercial, educational or applied satellites with the size of up to 6U. Cargo spacecraft Progress MS are launched on a regular basis three times a year within the framework of logistics support for the International Space Station (ISS).
S. Yu. Aleksandrin, A. M. Galper, T. R. Zharaspayev, S. V. Koldashov, M. A. Mayorova
Ivan Kaloshin*, Vladimir Kuznetsov, Vladimir Skripachev and Irina Surovceva
Now, according to Mr. Klimov, two more projects are planned based on microsatellites. In particular, the apparatus "Chibis-AI" will be designed for the study of ionospheric-atmospheric relations. The Trabant project, in turn, was conceived to study the environment near the International Space Station.
* От «Колибри» до «Трабанта»: представлены ближайшие планы по развитию микроспутниковой темы ИКИ | Investigation of atmospheric high-energy phenomena onboard International Space Station: microsatellite ”Chibis-AI” and VHF interferometer ’’Kite”
Scientists do not rule out the possibility of launching two or three such satellites at once. The matter is that colleagues from the Samara National Research University named after Academician SPKorolev who have experience in putting into orbit a satellite of the Kubsat format (nanosatellite) suggested that the Kazanians join forces and jointly study the Earth's ionosphere by the method of transionospheric sounding. They turned to the radiophysicists of the KFU for help, since at Kazan University the ionosphere research has been successfully carried out since the 50s of the last century. Moreover, the KFU has a unique ionosonde of the "Cyclone" class, which operates in a minute mode. It was created by professor alma-mater Adel Akchurin. In the world there are only two ionosondes operating in the minute mode. The second is in Finland, in the city of Tramsho.
* Unique ionosphere of Kazan University registered earthquake in Chile
Russian President Vladimir Putin met with the creators of the Salyut-7 movie and with astronauts Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Viktor Savinykh late Tuesday evening, who flew to the film’s eponymous orbital station back in 1985.
* Space smugglers: How Russian cosmonauts sneak booze into outer space [宇宙でカンパイ!]
* "ВСПЛЕСК" "АРИНА"
At the University of Samara, an agreement was signed to form a consortium of Russian universities on the creation of a group of scientific and educational nanosatellites. These space vehicles will be engaged in conducting complex studies of the state of near-Earth space - the ionosphere and magnetosphere.
The agreement on participation in the project was signed by representatives of six universities - the Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after Academician MF Reshetnev, the Amur State University, the Omsk State Technical University, the Izhevsk State Technical University named after MT Kalashnikov, the Ulyanovsk State University, the Samara National University Research University named after Academician SP Korolev, as well as JSC GEOSCAN Technologies and Astronomicon LLC.
The goal of the project is to create a unique tool for studying geophysical fields and creating three-dimensional non-stationary models, to identify hidden relationships that in the future can help solve many problems, for example, forecasting natural disasters-earthquakes. To solve this problem, the University of Samara proposed to create a grouping of 4-5 satellites of the CubeSat3U format.
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Physical Scheme of Spectrometers: Arina and Vsplesk (after Galper et al., 2011 and Koldashov et al., 2010) |
It was a lucky decision. Shortly before REPT turned on, solar activity on the sun had sent energy toward Earth that caused the radiation belts to swell. The REPT instrument worked well from the moment it was turned on Sep. 1. It made observations of these new particles trapped in the belts, recording their high energies, and the belts' increased size.* A Long-Lived Relativistic Electron Storage Ring Embedded in Earth's Outer Van Allen Belt Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1233518
Then something happened no one had ever seen before: the particles settled into a new configuration, showing an extra, third belt extending out into space. Within mere days of launch, the Van Allen Probes showed scientists something that would require rewriting textbooks.