Trapped particles in the Earth's radiation belts observed with the AMS experiment and the LAZIO experiment
(Gennaro Esposito, Workshop on ionizing particle measurements in space, 2005)

Esperia: a proposed space mission to study perturbations in the transition ionosphere-magnetosphere, V. Sgrigna

The space program of China, R. Battiston

Microsatellites, R. Battiston

イタリア人は地震を検知する宇宙プローブを製作

ローマ, イタリア(SPX) 2005年2月2日

新しいイタリアのプローブは地震を予知し、避ける方策を得る時間を与えられるかもしれないと、イタリアのメディアが月曜日に伝えました。

イタリア人科学者は、地球を取り巻く放射帯でプローブが変化を捉まえることによって、地震の4～5時間前に警告を与えられるかもしれないと言います。

プローブはNational Nuclear Physics Institute(INFN)の物理学者、Roberto Battistonによって設計されました。

それは、金曜日にロシア人の科学者の代表団に引き渡され、2月28日にロシアの宇宙基地から国際宇宙ステーション(ISS)へ打ち上げられます。

4月15日には、イタリア人宇宙飛行士Roberto Vittoriは、ISSに到着して、データを集め始めるためにプローブをセットアップするでしょう。

Battistonは、Vittoriが帰還すると、プローブは自動的にデータを収集し地上で処理されると言いました。

Battistonは、イタリア製の装置は世界初の対地震プローブであると言いました。

最初の結果は約７ヶ月のうちに期待されます。

このミッションは予備的な試験であり、断定的に仮説を立証するには、より多くのミッションが必要であるとBattistonは警告します。

Batistonが「イタリア技術の宝石」と述べたプローブは、Perugia、Roma-Tor Vergata、及びRoma Treの３つの大学と民間企業によるコンソーシアムとの協力により、INFNによって製作されました。

国際宇宙ステーションExpedition11クルーインタビュー
フライト・エンジニア2　ロベルト ヴィットリ

それらについて話しましょう。 今、私たちは国際宇宙ステーションが人間の生命科学だけでなく、他の科学領域における実験のための一つの研究所であることを理解しています。 あなたのプログラムにおけるサイエンスについて話してください。あなたはどんな異なる実験をするのですか？

３年前、私は既に一度搭乗しました。 私は、非常に特定の立場からステーションについて考えながら帰還しました。 確かに生命科学は、ステーションの可能性の一つの重要な部分です。 もう一つは技術開発のための技術デモンストレーターです。今日、我々は宇宙で科学研究ができる衛星を持っていますが、ステーションはテストベッドとして利用するユニークな機会を与えるでしょう。 イタリア語から訳して、私は「技術デモンストレーター」とよびます。

実際、私は宇宙で将来利用する計画している科学や機器に関しては、技術開発に近いものだと思います。--私はそれを造り、ステーションに行って、それらが動作するかどうかわかります。一つの特例はセンサ、Lazioというセンサです。 このセンサは、地球低軌道で地震と電磁場変化の仮説的な相関関係を見つけようとしています。

もともとのアイデアは、センサを搭載した小型衛星を打ち上げることでした。しかし、ステーションは中間的ステップを持つ機会を私たちに与えてくれます。私がセンサを搭載した小型衛星を打ち上れば、問題は衛星とセンサが決して戻らないということです。私たちは決して直接対話することができないでしょう。

ステーションでは、センサを持って来ることができる宇宙飛行士がいるので、そこが違います。必要があれば降ろすことさえできるし、センサをリアルタイムで運用できます。

したがって、ステーションは微小重力と宇宙で利用することができる技術を開発するテストベッドです。 これに加え、何度も議論された科学の全ての他の可能性が確かにあります。

The satellite will help the search for oil by supplying a topographical and geographical preview of the area to be explored. From space it will be possible to identify potential crude oil- or gas-rich areas giving indications to guide the movements of technical teams.
The ASI (Italian Space Agency) is working on this project using the constellations of Cosmo Sky med, such satellites as the ESA’s EnviSat, not to mention the satellites of the next generation that are also able to look deep below the earth’s surface.
The satellite will be able to describe the morphology of the terrain and will observe phenomena and aspects of the earth’s surface.

The project involves Western Geco and the ESA, who have also conducted satellite data collection plans for Algeria and Argentina. Using infrared technology it is possible to carry out a perfect search below the earth’s surface to reveal the status of sub-surface stress, which can indicate potential oil fields.
And the same is true for predicting earthquakes, approximately 4 or 5 hours in advance. A sophisticated detector for silicon-based particles will take care of this: called the Lazio- Sirad, it will be launched into orbit at the end of February.

The project comes from the SERMS laboratories (Department for the study of the effects of radiation on materials for space) at the University of Terni with the collaboration of a consortium for instrumentation design, comprising the Universities of Perugia, Roma II and Roma III and a group of research bodies such as Infin and small hi-tech industries.
Lazio-Sirad has the approval of the ESA and the Chinese have also shown a great deal of interest in it.

Lazio, the name of the region around Rome, is also an acronym for Low-Altitude Zone Ionising Observatory. This experiment will study the space radiation and magnetic environment inside the ISS, in particular with regard to the "light flashes" phenomenon. It will also assess the effectiveness of different shielding materials in reducing the radiation environment. This will be the first test in space of a sensor capable of high-accuracy monitoring of the short-term stability of the Van Allen belts, to study the possibility of earthquake-related precursor phenomena as was initially suggested by Russian scientists about two decades ago.

ZVYOZDNY GORODOK, Moscow Region, March 29 (RIA Novosti) - Astronaut Roberto Vittori slated for a week-long mission on board the International Space Station (ISS) is going to take along a small bunny figurine and a Mon Lisa picture copy, the astronaut told the media at a news conference before blastoff.

"I will take a tiny bunny in orbit. My wife gave it to me 18 years ago. It has always been with me. When I was a test pilot, it piggybacked with me to the ISS for the first time. It will do it again," Vittori said.

According to Sergei Krikalyov, commander of the 11th six-month mission, he will be sure to take with him a picture of his favorite movie actor, Kirill Lavrov.

"I met him and asked for a picture of his for me to take it to the ISS and bring it back, all the more so that he is turning 80 soon," Krikalyov said.

The 11th mission flight engineer, American John Phillips, said he was going to take his and his wife's wedding rings with him.

Preliminary SLAM results were presented in January to the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Japan - the country with the highest rate of landslides in the world.

The experiment on the International Space Station that will chase earthquakes

Lazio-Sirad is ready to gather data. The experiment is installed on the International Space Station and its aim is to trace the slight variations of the so-called Van Allen belts that seem to occur before earthquakes.

At the same time the experiment will gather data that will make possible the development of techniques of protection from radiation for astronauts. The astronaut Roberto Vittori will carry out measures. He will leave for the International Space Station tomorrow April 15th and he will reach it after about 2 days. Lazio-Sirad was developed by the Infn sections and by the Universities of Perugia, Rome "Tor Vergata" and Rome Tre, in collaboration with the Infn National Laboratories of Frascati, the Serms University Laboratory of Terni, the MePhi Institute of Moscow, the Ferrari Bsn, Nergal and Airtec with the participation of Filas (Lazio Region).

Our planet is incessantly bombarded with a rain of cosmic rays, charged stable particles, such as protons and electrons. This flux is partly prevented by the Earth magnetic field, that traps a part of it out of atmosphere, to a height of hundred up to thousand kilometres. The distribution of these particles is not though homogeneous: they place themselves in areas called Van Allen belts, after the name of the American physicist that discovered their existence in 1958. In whole, the Van Allen belts behave like a huge antenna, sensitive to the slightest variation of the Earth magnetic field. The surprising aspect is that preliminary measures gathered by Russian and American researchers in more than 15 years and analyzed in details by Russian and Italian researchers, indicate that this natural antenna is able to reveal precursory phenomena of intense earthquakes four or five hours in advance. The Lazio-Sirad experiment is the first sensor planned with the aim of verifying such a hypothesis in the Space, and it is clear the interest of such researches in a country exposed to seismic risk like Italy.

In which way can the Earth's crust tensions reflect on the cosmic particles trapped out of atmosphere? It was observed, trough measures realized at earth, that from the area of a future earthquake, electromagnetic waves of different frequency are generated in the underground: among these, low-frequency waves can reach atmosphere, cross it and interact with the particles trapped in the Van Allen belts. In this way, it is possible to produce rapid variations of the charged particles flux: measuring these variations it would be possible to state the area in which the emission of low-frequency waves occurred and so state where an earthquake is taking place.

"In order to study the interaction between the Van Allen belts and geophysics phenomena as the seismic events, Lazio-Sirad uses sophisticated and innovative particles detectors based on the use of silica and scintillating plastics. The measure of the particles trapped in the Van Allen belts will be related to the magnetic field measurements made through a precision magnetometer, called Egle, part itself of Lazio-Sirad programme. Once the physics principal of the instrumentation and its functioning in orbit will be verified, it will possible to open way to new Earth monitoring methods using not expensive micro-satellites", explains Roberto Battiston, director of the Infn section in Perugia, who coordinated the realization of Lazio-Sirad project, in close collaboration with Piergiorgio Picozza, director of the Infn section of Roma Tor Vergata, and with Vittorio Sgrigna, physics professor at the University of Roma Tre and spokesman of the Egle magnetometer.

In this circumstance the experiment Sileye3/Alteino, brought on board of the International Space Station just by Roberto Vittori during his previous mission "Marco Polo", will be put back into service. "The experiment Sileye3/Alteino is particularly important to develop new materials and new technologies to protect man from bombing of cosmic particles during future lunar and interplanetary missions", explains Piergiorgio Picozza, who participated in Lazio-Sirad coordination and is also spokesman of the Sileye3/Alteino experiment.

"The Lazio-Sirad experiment has another important goal: to improve the study on the phenomenon of the light flashes, observed by the astronauts on board of the Mir and of the International Space Station, by analysing, in particular, the interaction between the different kinds of cosmic rays and the astronauts' visual apparatus", explains Marco Casolino of the Infn section of Roma Tor Vergata, spokesman for the Lazio-Sirad part dedicated to the study of the light flashes.

Lazio-Sirad will work at least for six months since the beginning of the operations of data acquisition. The first results of the data analysis are foreseen by the end of 2005. Lazio-Sirad has involved about 30 persons, among these: physicists, geophysicists, engineers and technicians from the different institutes that have participated. The instrument has been realized in a very short time (less than 6 months since the beginning of the project to the delivery to the Russian Space Agency on January the 25th) respecting all the complex security procedures, verification and space qualification required by the European Space Agency (Esa) and by the Russian Space Agency (Energia).

The project takes place in the context of the European mission Eneide, born from the collaboration between the Italian region Lazio, the Military Aeronautics, Alenia Spazio, the Chamber of Commerce of Rome, Esa, and Asi. The Eneide mission will start tomorrow April the 15th from the space polygon in Baikonur, in Kazakhistan, and it will travel on board of the Russian capsule Soyuz Tma, directed to the International Space Station. All the scientific experiments of Eneide mission will be managed from the control centre "Lazio user Centre", already working and settled in the Infn section of Roma Tor Vergata.

Source: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

LAZIO, one of the first experiments to be activated by Roberto Vittori during the Eneide Mission, is a study into the high-energy radiation environment that characterises the environment in which the Space Station orbits the Earth.

Although the main source of high-energy radiation comes from cosmic rays within our own galaxy an important contribution also comes from the solar wind as well as from the charged particles that surround the Earth, such as electrons and protons, which are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field at altitudes of from 10 to 1000 km. These can be compared, for some aspects to an ocean.

Detecting earthquakes

LAZIO's most interesting and ambitious objective is based on the hypothesis put forward about 20 years ago by Russian scientists. This states that a high emission of low frequency electromagnetic waves are emitted from an area where an earthquake is about to occur. Should this prove correct, it would be possible to detect an earthquake several hours before it commences and identify the area where it will occur, by measuring the intensity and variations in the charged particles around the Earth.

"I need to underline that LAZIO is above all a technical demonstration," says Roberto Battiston, Director of the Perugia section of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics and the Principal Investigator for LAZIO. "The data gathered during the mission will be analysed in the following months. We will try to find evidence of a connection between variations in the particle flux and seismic phenomena registered at ground stations during the same period."

The experiment started on Sunday at around 10:00 in the morning (CEST). As well as putting the experiments into operation, Vittori is also responsible for verifying that the instrument is working correctly and for substituting the memory cards used to record all the data. This will then be analysed on Earth during the coming months.

"We hope that the data will be sufficient to convince us that the algorithm to analyse the data is trustworthy," Battiston adds. "If we can demonstrate that our method is valid, then some time in the future we propose to launch a satellite dedicated to the study of this specific problem."

EGU05-A-06210
Sgrigna, V.; Buzzi, A.; Conti, L.; Picozza, P.; Stagni, C.; Zilpimiani, D.
Ground rock deformation events and their possible effects in the near-Earth space

また先日、ヨーロッパの地震大国イタリアが、宇宙から地震に関する情報を取得するための作業を、ぜひ日本と一緒にやりたいとのことで合意を得ました。災害対策の問題は、各国ともかなり高い関心を持っています。国際協調で対応することが十分可能な分野なので、むしろ喫緊の課題かもしれません。

Status and results of the LAZIO-Sirad and Sileye-3/Ateino experiments on board the International Space Station
M. Casolino, on behalf of the Sileye and LAZIO collaborations
Abstract
Two data cards, one still in orbit

This paper takes into consideration the method introduced by Aleksandrin et al. (2003) to carry out a deeper investigation on the subject. In this sense, a method for the temporal correlation between continental earthquakes with M>5.0 and anomalous particle bursts collected by the PET-SAMPEX satellite mission is critically investigated and presented here. Several constraints and cuts have been applied to data in order to exclude, from the correlation, charged particles collected inside the SAA region and/or during ionospheric and magnetospheric perturbations caused by non-seismic sources. After the data have been detrended by these effects, a short-term seismic precursor of ∼4 h is observed in the histogram of the time difference between the time occurrence of earthquakes and that of particle burst events. The best correlation is obtained only when considering high-energy electrons ( E>4 MeV ) with pitch angles near the loss cone. Such a result confirms previous ones but also points out the importance of an ad hoc method of analysis.

Thomas Reiter replaced the PCMCIA memory card in the LAZIO (Low Altitude Zone Ionization Observatory) experiment, which studies charged particle radiation on orbit. The accumulated data on the card were archived to a laptop for downlink to TsUP via OCA. [The Italian LAZIO payload, with the AST spectrometer, EGLE magnetometer, MEB main electronics box, etc, was set up and operated last year by VC8 guest cosmonaut Roberto Vittori in the DC-1.

The paper aims at giving a few methodological suggestions in deterministic earthquake prediction studies based on combined ground-based and space observations of earthquake precursors. Up to now what is lacking is the demonstration of a causal relationship with explained physical processes and looking for a correlation between data gathered simultaneously and continuously by space observations and ground-based measurements. Coordinated space and ground-based observations imply available test sites on the Earth surface to correlate ground data, collected by appropriate networks of instruments, with space ones detected on board of LEO satellites. At this purpose a new result reported in the paper is an original and specific space mission project (ESPERIA) and two instruments of its payload. The ESPERIA space project has been performed for the Italian Space Agency and three ESPERIA instruments (ARINA and LAZIO particle detectors, and EGLE search-coil magnetometer) have been built and tested in space. The EGLE experiment started last April 15, 2005 on board the ISS, within the ENEIDE mission. The launch of ARINA occurred on June 15, 2006, on board the RESURS DK-1 Russian LEO satellite. As an introduction and justification to these experiments the paper clarifies some basic concepts and critical methodological aspects concerning deterministic and statistic approaches and their use in earthquake prediction. We also take the liberty of giving the scientific community a few critical hints based on our personal experience in the field and propose a joint study devoted to earthquake prediction and warning.

基調講演２「自然災害のオントロジー的探求から関連宇宙技術へ」ロドルフ・グジ教授（イタリア宇宙機関　地球観測部長）

Resolution 5: Ionosphere Satellites, submitted by IAGA. There was extensive discussion about the specific mention of the Italian Space Agency and the ESPERIA satellite. A motion was made by M. Menvielle to alter the wording of the resolution. The motion was seconded and passed with 6 No votes and 4 abstentions.
Uri Shamir asked for a show of cards in favor of the amended resolution. The resolution passed with five abstentions.

Resolution 5: Ionosphere Satellites
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics,

Noting,	The ability of low Earth orbiting satellites to provide spatial and temporal monitoring of the topside ionosphere and to define the near-Earth environment;
Recognizing,	That an extended time series of satellite observations of magnetic/electric fields and of plasmas in the Earth's ionosphere are crucial for a wide spectrum of geoscience and space science studies; The unique equatorial orbiting Italian Space Agency satellite ESPERIA; and
Understanding,	That the DEMETER mission will end in 2008;
Welcomes,	The plans by several nations to launch ionospheric monitoring satellite missions.

Seiya Uyeda Personal View on Short-term EQ Prediction

EGLE is a wide frequency band search- coil magnetometer designed and built at the Roma Tre University. It has been installed onboard the ISS by the Italian astronaut Roberto Vittori on April 25, 2005 within the LAZIO- EGLE experiment carried out during the ENEIDE Soyuz mission. The scope of the experiment is to test EGLE in space and to investigate geomagnetic field variations. The main applications of EGLE are the study of electromagnetic environment inside the ISS, the correlation of magnetic field data with particle fluxes detected by LAZIO particle detector, and the monitoring of ionospheric perturbations possibly caused by Earth seismic activity. Since continuous electromagnetic field measurements on board the ISS are important for diverse space applications, a magnetometer with a suitable design is requested. Appropriate solutions for these applications, which have been adopted by EGLE, are in particular the use of 1- Wire technology and the possibility to detect by means of a search- coil magnetometer a large portion of the ULF frequency band, usually measured by flux- gate probes. To investigate the topside ionosphere electromagnetic environment and stability of Van Allen radiation belts in relation with seismic and anthropogenic electromagnetic emissions, a specific satellite mission (the ESPERIA project) has been designed for the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and up to now a few instruments of its payload have been built and tested in space. One of them is exactly the EGLE search- coil magnetometer. The first magnetic observations performed by this instrument reveal to be promising and demand for a further and deeper analysis based on a longer time series of data.

In recent times, ionospheric and magnetospheric perturbations constituted by radiation belt particle precipitations, variations of temperature and density of ionic and electronic components of ionospheric plasma as well as electric and magnetic field fluctuations have been detected on board of the LEO satellites and associated with earthquake preparation and occurrence. Several mechanisms have been suggested as justifying the seismo-electromagnetic phenomena observed in the upper lithosphere and in the topside ionosphere before, during and after an earthquake. Their propagation in these media has also been investigated, but physical knowledge of such processes is below standard. Consequently, coordinated space and ground-based observations based on data gathered simultaneously in space and at the Earth's surface are needed to investigate seismo-associated phenomena. To this end, the ESPERIA space mission project has been designed for the Italian Space Agency (ASI). To date, a few instruments of its payload have been built and tested in space. This paper reports on the justification, science background, and characteristics of the ESPERIA mission project as well as the description and testing of ESPERIA Instruments (ARINA and LAZIO-EGLE) in space.

Quali “tecnologie spaziali” sono state applicate, fino ad oggi, per conoscere e prevenire i terremoti?

L’ASI nel 2001 ha effettuato uno studio di fattibilità per un piccolo satellite chiamato ESPERIA che poi non è mai stato realizzato. Nel 2005 l’astronauta Roberto Vittori ha portato in orbita uno strumento dimostrativo chiamato LAZIO - Sirad il cui obiettivo era quello di mettere alla prova la tecnologia relativa alla registrazione di instabilità delle cosiddette fasce di Van Allen (zone intorno al nostro pianeta in cui il campo magnetico intrappola particelle elementari di alta energia) che sembrano precedere il verificarsi dei terremoti. Proprio partendo dai progetti proposti dagli Italiani, l'agenzia spaziale Francese (CNES) ha messo in orbita nel 2006 un satellite DEMETER, il primo dedicato alla studio delle correlazioni dei fenomeni elettromagnetici nello spazio ed i terremoti: questo satellite opera da 3 anni e i suoi dati hanno permesso di mostrare come l'arrivo di alcuni terremoti sia preceduto da effetti elettromagnetici misurabili dallo spazio. Oggi, gli studi e le applicazioni spaziali nella conoscenza dei terremoti continuano e l’Agenzia spaziale cinese ha chiesto all’Italia di collaborare in un progetto internazionale basato su un satellite cinese CSES che potrebbe ospitare dei sensori sviluppati dai ricercatori italiani. L’Italia ha quindi in questo settore potenzialità importanti e competenze tecnologiche nel campo spaziale. La questione è capire se le agenzie di finanziamento e il governo sono interessati ad investire su questi studi in modo da poter migliorare la capacità di prevenzione di questi fenomeni per cercare di passare dalla fase di ricerca a quella dell' applicazione socialmente utile.

But space can also be observed phenomena precursors? The answer seems encouraging. The electromagnetic fields, for example, connect the earth's magnetosphere. they can be measured from space and their alterations can affect the stability of the bands of Van Allen causing the precipitation of elementary particles energy (protons, electrons). the ionosphere is observable in a systematic way with satellites ionosonde techniques available for decades. Not to mention the phenomena observed cloud regularly by meteorological satellites.

Italy has a ten-year tradition in the study seismic phenomena from space. Already in 2000 was proposed ASI Esperia, an Italian satellite but to be implemented in collaboration with the Russians, very experts in this field. Unfortunately not nothing came of it, but in 2004, France put in orbit DEMETER, a satellite in many ways similar to Esperia, that has allowed for the first time to study space in a systematic manner precursors seismic electromagnetic type.

China also is working on a dedicated satellite in these studies, CSES, on which plan to install also sensors based on Italian technology. The focus on the seismic studies from space therefore increasing. We are still in an exploratory phase, but only through research can we hope reaching applications. The stakes is so high that you should not let anything stone unturned.

Russian-Italian Mission (RIM) 1993- (A. M. Galper)

2. I have read about "LAZIO-EAGLE" and "VSPLESK" experiments on ISS. Are they related to earthquake forecasting? Are they still on?

Can earthquakes be foreseen? After Haiti, 2010, L’Aquila, 2009, Wenchuan, 2008, Tsunami, 2004, this is apparently the question of the century. Alas, the answer is no, not now, not yet. There are symptoms indeed of possible earthquakes occurring hours, days, even weeks before the event: low frequency electro magnetic waves, light effects, thermal and ground-water level variations, radon releases, ionosphere and magnetosphere alterations fill the scientific literature on earthquakes. So unpredictability is not absolute, the actual difficulty is the vast expanse of land that ought to be monitored. Precursors can be detected by sensors but spreading sensors on thousand of square miles is far too expensive and is not fail-proof as in the St. Andrew Fault case in California, USA.
Thanks to GPS satellites signals, ionosphere anomalies have been observed over regions that afterwards experienced an earthquake. During its 3,82 days of ‘life’ Radon releases enormous amounts of energy turning instantly to heat. In the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, thermal energy by Radon was eight times more powerful than the mechanical one. Those ample variations may alter atmosphere locally condensing clouds over the area, but not always, not systematically enough to be completely reliable symptoms of impending events. Important electric and magnetic perturbations have been recorded by satellites in space, an ideal location to monitor wide expanses of land. Earthquake frequency is high, two a day at least pass the Richter scale point 5 and precursors – even if non completely reliable - can be spotted from space: for instance electromagnetic fields can be measured and their alterations detected, ionosphere is under observation since decades and cloud formations are monitored around the clock by meteorological satellites and can be checked against other earthquake precursors. Being earthquake-prone Italy is particularly keen on early detection from space. Twenty years ago ASI started studying a satellite, Esperia, for monitoring the country. Esperia never left the drawing table, but in 2004 France launched its DEMETER, the firs satellite to detect electromagnetic and ionosphere quake precursors, followed by Russia contemplating a full constellation. In the 2005 Marco Polo mission a elementary particles technological demonstrator, LAZIO-Sirad, was carried to the ISS by Italian astronaut Roberto Vittori to study the Van Allen belt. China is joining the space earthquake spotters to monitor the particles falling from the Van Allen belt when hit by Earth-originated electromagnetic perturbations. Earthquakes prevision methods to spare human life losses and devastating material damages are the object of growing attention by the scientific world. It must be reminded that in this case knowledge is still far from being certain and much research is still needed. But stakes are too high to overlook any possible way of foreseeing earthquakes and prevent their terrible consequences

EGU2010-9093 Roberto Battiston and Cristiano Fidani
Correlations between NOAA satellite particle bursts and strong earthquakes

* A Study of the Correlation between Earthquakes and NOAA Satellite Energetic Particle Bursts , Remote Sens. 2010, 2(9), 2170-2184; doi:10.3390/rs2092170

AMS, uno spettrometro magnetico per la ricerca dell'antimateria e della materia oscura sulla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale
Roberto Battiston
Università di Perugia e INFN

由中国地震局、人力资源和社会保障部联合举办，中国地震局地震预测研究所协办的“基于空间对地观测技术提高地震监测预警能力”高级研修班，于2010年9月7日至9日在北京举行。


Roberto Battiston博士作专题报告

Roberto Battiston　A cosmic ray magnetic spectrometer for the CSES satellite (China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite)

为进一步推动科技部国际合作项目“中国电磁卫星计划第一期研究”项目的进展，应单新建研究员的邀请，意大利国家核物理研究院（INFN）Roberto Battiston教授、Livio Conti教授、Giuliano Laurenti教授等3人来我所进行了为期一周的交流访问。在此期间，召开了The Bilateral Workshop of China Seismo-electromagnetic Satellite (CSES)地震卫星项目国际研讨会。会议同时邀请了中国地震局地震预测研究所、地壳应力研究所、东方红卫星公司、中科院高能物理研究所等相关单位专家以及意大利方面参加32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference会议顺访的Piergiorgio Picozza、Ermanno Amata、Cristian De Sanctis和Bruno Spataro等人参加，双方分别就地震电磁监测试验卫星的关键技术和科学问题展开了讨论，交流了电磁卫星数据处理方面的最新结果，共同确定了地震卫星电磁观测需求技术指标尤其是HEPD和EFD探测器指标。会议期间，邀请了Livio Conti教授在地质所做了题为 Seismo-electromagnetic phenomena from space and ground的学术报告。通过此次交流，双方充分交流了近期研究成果，并确定了下一步人才交流、研究合作研究计划。

AUSONIA (Advanced mUlti-Instrument Satellite for a combined Observation of magNetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere, and associated phenomena) is an Italian space project proposal submitted to the Italian Space Agency (ASI) within an ASI AO for earth observation [14]. AUSONIA was planned and designed by an Italian Consortium led by the Roma Tre University of Rome (Vittorio Sgrigna, Principal Investigator).
Schematic representation of the AUSONIA satellite project

講　題：A PRECISION PARTICLE SPECTROMETER TO DETERMINE FORTHCOMING EARTHQUAKES TIMING AND LOCATION FROM SPACE
主講人：Prof. Roberto Battiston (University and INFN of Perugia, USA)
時　間：101年7月2日星期一 上午10:00
地　點：科四館S4-811

NSPO has the great honor to invite Prof. Roberto Battiston and Prof. Giovanni Ambrosi for special talks at NSPO on July 2 (Monday) and July 3 (Tuesday), respectively. Both of them are primary scientists at INFN (National Institute of Nuclear Physics) & Perugia University in Italy and key research fellows of the AMS-2 team. Prof. Battiston also serves as the AMS-2 Deputy Spokesperson; his talk highlights the theory and some on-orbit space data to detect the forthcoming earthquakes. And Prof. Ambrosi’s talk highlights the development and implementation of the precision instruments of AMS-2. Figure 1 shows Prof. Battiston and Director General G-S Chang et al. at NSPO and Figure 2 shows Prof. Ambrosi and Chief Scientist J-Y Liu et al. at NSPO.

A magnetic spectrometer has been designed for the China Seismological Experiment Satellite (CSES). The satellite, which includes instruments to measure the electromagnetic field, will record the field variations and the particle precipitation from the inner radiation belts, phenomena which have been observed in relation to strong earthquakes. Similar in conception to the AMS and PAMELA magnetic spectrometers, Aiglon represents a significant evolution with respect to the space instruments used for previous seismic studies.

Many nations are active in this field: the network of ground sensors (among the most developed is the Japanese) is added to the satellite. These included that of CNES, the French space agency, which launched in 2004 Demeter (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions), a satellite devoted to the study of ionospheric disturbances caused by seismic and volcanic activity. The satellite was operational until 2010, and contained a number of detectors of electric fields, magnetic and radio waves of low frequency that may be issued in conjunction with or prior to a seismic event.

Even in Italy, these studies continue for several years to a precursor launched in 2005, Lazio-SIRAD followed by a proposal for an Italian satellite, Esperia. This unfortunately stopped at a preliminary study with the Italian Space Agency. This was followed by other projects are still being finalized, but we hope to return to it soon.

In any event, as these studies are fascinating, rather than asking how to predict earthquakes (and the answer would raise funds to research institutions in charge), we should ask why often in Italy you can not just build according to the antismiche standards but also those of normal engineering.

Directors: R. BATTISTON - S. XUHUI

イタリアの地震裁判について一言。
この裁判は「地震予知が可能か不可能か」という問題ではありません。
行政、学者が地震に関する情報を如何に国民に伝えるべきかという課題です。
やはり、問題の地震学者の発言はあまりにも不注意だったと思います。
ここで、皆様に是非知っていただきたい重要な一点を述べます。
ラクイラ地震、エミリア地震の後、イタリアは国として地震予知の重要性を認識し、「地震予知学」に初めて予算を出したのです。
額は約１億円で、そのうちの1/3が地震予知学の研究者にあてられました。
我々地震予知学のソサエティとして大変喜ばしい限りです。

T. TAKAHASHI, High Energy Astrophysics and Fundamental Physics Missions in Japan
Lee LOU-CHUANG, Space Programs in Taiwan: FORMOSAT 5 and FORMOSAT 7
Roberto Battiston, Van Allen Belts instabilities as monitor for Earth seismicity

In 2011, the SPACEWEATHER experiment received the approval for the development and the realization of a series of detectors (mini-magnetic spectrometer, electric eld detector, magnetic field detector, low frequency e.m. wave detector), under the acronym CSES (Chinese Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite), to study the fast variations of the fluxes of protons and electrons trapped in the radiation belts due to pertrbations caused by seismic events. In the Sections of Roma Tor Vergata and in the LNF an executive project to set up the sensors for the measurement of the electric field and of the first level data acquisition system has been carried out. Laboratory tests are in progress. The Section of Perugia is developing the design of the magnetic spectrometer and is carrying out laboratory tests as well. The mechanics of the experiment is being designed in Bologna. Roma Tor Vergata is also in charge of the general system of data acquisition, storage and telemetry of the italian portion of the experiment. Agreements between the Space Agencies ASI and CSNA have started and are in progress.

LIMADOU-CSES (relativa al premiale ASI-INFN) 20'
Speaker: Roberto Battiston (PG)

Studiare i fenomeni di natura elettromagnetica e la loro correlazione con l’attività geofisica per contribuire al monitoraggio dei terremoti dallo spazio è il principale obiettivo scientifico della missione CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite).

Un importante protocollo d’intesa è stato sottoscritto oggi, presso l'Ambasciata Italiana a Pechino, dall’Agenzia Spaziale Italiana e dalla China National Space Administration (CNSA) per avviare una collaborazione in questo particolare settore di ricerca, che vede l’Italia all’avanguardia. Il satellite CSES ospiterà un payload italiano.

“L’accordo di oggi si muove in un terreno di ricerca fortemente innovativo - ha commentato a caldo il Presidente dell’ASI, Enrico Saggese - L’unione delle capacità scientifiche dell’agenzia italiana e cinese può portare a più di un risultato positivo”.

Sarà la CNSA a sviluppare, integrare e testare CSES, mentre il payload italiano sarà progettato e fornito dall’ASI attraverso la collaborazione con l’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. Il satellite avrà una vita operativa di cinque anni e il suo lancio è previsto per settembre 2016.

Studi recenti hanno sottolineato la possibile correlazione tra le emissioni elettromagnetiche connesse all’attività sismica della Terra e il verificarsi di perturbazioni nel plasma iono-magnetosferico.

Ricercatori italiani e cinesi collaborano regolarmente dal 2004 per sviluppare la strumentazione di bordo del satellite CSES. Sono coinvolti i gruppi di ricerca italiani dell’INFN, guidati dal Prof. Roberto Battiston dell’Università di Trento (INFN – TIFPA, Trento Institute for Fundamental Phisycs and Application) e cinesi del China Earthquake Administration (CEA).

“La partecipazione dell’Italia al progetto CSES - ha dichiarato Roberto Battiston, docente presso l’Università di Trento e presidente della Commissione Astroparticelle dell'INFN - prevede la realizzazione di un rivelatore di precisione per la misura degli elettroni che precipitano nell’atmosfera dalle fasce di Van Allen”.

“In questo modo - prosegue Battiston - potremo sottoporre a verifica scientifica rigorosa i meccanismi che collegano il nostro pianeta e le sue dinamiche interna al plasma che circonda la terra, con l’obiettivo di sviluppare nuove tecniche per il monitoraggio sismico dallo spazio”.

Il contributo tricolore alla missione CSES consiste in uno strumento innovativo per misurare le particelle energetiche che precipitano dalle fasce di Van Allen a seguito di disturbi elettromagnetici. In onore dell’esploratore italiano Matteo Ricci, che con il suo operato creò un ponte tra l’Occidente e la Cina, lo strumento sarà chiamato Li Madou, il nome con cui il gesuita era conosciuto in Cina. A realizzarlo sarà l’INFN, nell’ambito di una collaborazione che vede coinvolti i propri centri e le Università di Trento, Roma Tor Vergata, Perugia e Bologna.

Il satellite avrà a bordo un’ampia gamma di strumenti (magnetometri fluxgate e search-coil, rivelatori di particelle di alta energia, LP-RPA e ion drift meter) atti a rivelare congiuntamente perturbazioni di diversi parametri e grandezze fisiche.

* Heralding a New Era in Cosmic Ray Physics PAMELA, JEM-EUSO, CSES (Piergiorgio Picozza)

Studies on atmosphere-litosphere-magnetosphere interactions: the LIMADOU Project　Dr. Vincenzo VITALE

Roberto Battiston, Vincenzo Vitale

Roberto Battiston, a professor at the University of Trento in Italy, said that studying magnetic and electric fields is a wise choice for earthquake science.
Over the last 30 years, various studies have suggested a link between seismic activity and the precipitation of energetic electrons trapped in the Van Allen Belts, Battiston said.

The collaboration of ASI with the CNSA, sees in the forefront Professor Roberto Battiston, Department of Physics, University of Trento: "The participation of Italy in the CSES project involves the construction of a detector for precision measurement of electrons plunge into the atmosphere by the Van Allen belts. In this way we will be able to test rigorous scientific mechanisms that connect our planet and its internal dynamics of the plasma of elementary particles surrounding the earth, with the aim of developing new techniques for seismic monitoring from space. After the completion of the prototype Lazio-Sirad that Roberto Vittori flew to the ISS in 2005, ten years work in the preparation of this project with the Chinese colleagues. The funding obtained for the construction of the instrument LIMADOU, is a recognition for the TIFPA and the Department of Physics of Trento and rewards collaboration both nationally between INFN and ASI, both at the local level with the Fondazione Bruno Kessler. "

Space Earthquake Perturbation Simulation (SEPS) an application based on Geant4 tools to model and simulate the interaction between the Earthquake and the particle trapped on the Van Allen belt

Space Earthquake Perturbation Simulation

Magnetospheric Particles and Earth (P. Picozza)

Studying Seismic Events from the Ground and from Space (A. De Santis)

Magnetospheric Particles Linked to the Earth (R. Battiston)

DEMETER: Results and Challenges (M. Parrot)

Roberto Battiston is the new president of the Italian Space Agency. Body of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Battiston was appointed by the Minister for Education, University and Research, Stefania Giannini. succeeds Professor Aldo Sandrulli, special commissioner to ASI after investigations by the prosecution that led to the resignation of the previous chairman of the Agency, Mr. Enrico Saggese. professor of experimental physics at the University of Trento, a city where he was born in 1956 and still lives, Battiston has had a long and distinguished academic and scientific career, full of awards International, which began immediately after graduating with honors in Physics at the Scuola Normale di Pisa, in 1979. E 'Chairman of Commission II of the INFN for Astroparticle Physics, and a member of Tifpa (Trent Institute for Fundamental and Application Phisycs) - the new Centre National INFN.

Professor Battiston had recently attracted the attention of the public for his coordination of an important research project, targeted to the creation of a tool to detect electrons to be installed on the Chinese satellite CSES - China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite - planned to be launched in 2016. This satellite aims at analyzing the variability of the electromagnetic environment around the Earth and at developing new methods for the monitoring of geophysical phenomena on a large scale, e.g. the earthquakes. The project was initiated by the Italian Space Agency and received a 2 million euro funding; one was awarded to the Department of Physics of the University of Trento and one to the TIPFA Centre of the INFN in Trento.

The top Chinese Space Agency in Italy for a two-day institutional. In Rome, the President of CNSA Xu Dazhe meets the Minister Giannini. Signed at the headquarters of ASI a letter of intent to establish a Cooperation Committee. Following the visit to the factory SLT-I

September 25, 2014. From Key Enabling Technologies for 3D printers here innovations that promise to revolutionize space exploration. He talks about the president of the Italian Space, Roberto Battiston, in the interview for NanotechItaly 2014

A cooperation between CNSA and ASI for an Earth Observation mission - The event will be held in Beijing, mid-November 2014

The Next 50 years in Italian Space　Roberto Battiston　ASI President

SAFE (Swarm for earthquake study) is a project funded by ESA (Contract No. 4000116832/15/NL/MP) in the frame of STSE (Support To Science Element) Swarm + Innovation Program.

Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling before Large Earthquakes (A. De Santis)

* Geospace perturbations induced by the Earth: The state of the art and future trends (Physics and Chemistry of the Earth)

The High Energy Particle Detector on board the CSES China Seismo-Electromagnetic satellite [pdf]
Roberta Sparvoli for the CSES/HEPD collaboration

An Electric Field Detector for high-performance measurements of the electric field in the ionosphere [pdf]
D. Badoni, G. Masciantonio, P. Cipollone, G. Vannaroni, P. Diego, R. Ammendola, V. A. Belyaev, O. Simonelli for CSES-LIMADOU Collaboration

The award ceremony was held in Pescara on 24 October. The President of ASI received the award for an article on the first results of the AMS

La strumentazione della missione della CNSA, che portera in orbita nel 2017 anche lo strumento italiano Limadou, viene testata nella camera al plasma dell’Inaf/Iaps a Roma

LIMADOU: Payload Italiano del satellite CSES

４．協力の重点事項
　ビッグサイエンス分野での協力が重視されており、7~8 割が高エネルギー物理分野での協力となっている。
　さらに近年、宇宙分野での協力も開始した。具体的には、地震予知を目的とした衛星のよる地球観測である。これは、地震発生前に出てくる特別な素粒子等を観測し、地表の各種データと併せて地震の発生を予測するものである。中国が強みを有する衛星による地球観測技術・ビッグデータ解析と、イタリアが強みを持つ高エネルギー物理の知見を合わせる協力である。

Settima edizione della Conferenza intergovernativa Italia-Cina, il punto su cooperazione in ambito economico e tecnologico

* Wang Yi Holds Talks with Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Paolo Gentiloni of Italy (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

Roberta Sparvoli: Solar physics with the PAMELA and CSES/LIMADOU missions

Prima verifica effettuata per il rilevatore italiano HEPD del progetto LIMADOU che salirà a bordo della missione cinese CSES presso il laboratorio BTF di Frascati

Una quarantina di delegazioni dai cinque continenti, fra cui quelle di Usa, Russia, Cina, Giappone, Francia, Canada, Sud Africa. Ma anche Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Sudan, insieme alle principali agenzie spaziali, fra cui la Nasa, sono a Trento oggi per la prima edizione dell’International Space Forum at Ministerial level (Isf 2016), organizzato da Asi (Agenzia spaziale italiana), Iaf (International Astronautical Federation) e Iaa (International Accademy of Astronautics).

Parte l'avventura spaziale del rilevatore di particelle HEPD. Lo strumento, che rappresenta il contributo italiano alla missione di Osservazione della Terra CSES, è il primo payload made in Italy a bordo di un satellite realizzato dalla Cina. HEPD viene spedito oggi verso il Paese della Grande Muraglia dove avvierà le attività di integrazione

* COMINCIA IL VIAGGIO DI HEPD

Molte delle principali missioni del 2017 toccano da vicino l'Italia. E' il caso della missione cinese Cses (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite), cui l'Italia partecipa con il progetto Limadou e con Asi, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Ingv), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Infn), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia spaziali dell'Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (Iaps-Inaf) e alcune università. L'obiettivo è cercare eventuali segnali che possano aiutare a dare l'allerta per l'arrivo di un terremoto. Il lancio è atteso nell'estate 2017 e si pensa già ad altri due satelliti nel 2019 e nel 2020.

V. Scotti, G. Osteria, for the CSES-Limadou Collaboration